The Pros And Cons Of Vaccination - 1037 Words

Introduction: If you had the choice, would you prefer a child with autism or a deceased child because you refused to vaccinate? Chances are, you would prefer to have a child with autism. There are parents who have read articles falsely linking vaccines to autism causing them to make the decision to deny vaccinations. Their refusal not only puts their child at risk, but other children surrounding them. Their denial erases the long-standing history of saving lives and the eradication of deadly diseases around the world. This also undermines the research and testing scientists have done in order to protect people. It is vital to the health of human life that we keep researching and finding new information about vaccines. Description of†¦show more content†¦Diseases such as polio, diphtheria, mumps, and measles have decreased almost to the point of extinction in first world countries over the past few generations. Smallpox has had no reported cases over the last three decades from around the world. This is all due to the mass vaccinations that happened globally resulting in children today no longer needing to receive a vaccine for it. Before that it is estimated that 500 million people were killed because of smallpox. Another major benefit of vaccinating is Herd Immunity, also called Community Immunity. This protects infants who may not yet be old enough to receive certain vaccines, pregnant woman, and an individual with an immunocompromised system. An example where an individual may have an immunocompromised system would be like a child with leukemia. This means if everyone surrounding the individual that is unable to be vaccinated, they are have greater protection from possible getting c ontagious diseases and helps prevent them from being spread. Ethical or Social Concerns: One of the social concerns was mentioned earlier with Andrew Wakefield and his MMR and autism correlation, but there are several other social and ethical concerns. One of the other concerns raised is the schedule of when a child receives their vaccinations. An infant receives nearly 30 vaccines, including their boosters, by the time they turn 18 months old. Some people believe that that is too much forShow MoreRelatedVaccination Pros And Cons878 Words   |  4 Pagesmakes vaccination controversial; is it the risk of the drug’s side effect? The ingredients used to create the drug? Do the Pros outweigh the Cons? How effective are vaccines? The debate about giving the vaccine to children are the group that is anti-vaccination â€Å"say that children’s immune systems can deal with most infections naturally and that injecting questionable vaccine ingredients into a child may cause side effects, including seizures, paralysis, and death.† T he group for vaccination arguesRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccinations1285 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccinations are a heavily debated topic in society today. Vaccinations have long been defined as a successful health measure, but the safety of vaccines raise concerns among many parents. According to Glanz et al., â€Å"The issue of vaccine hesitancy can be examined from several different angles, many of which point to the delicate balance between personal liberty and public health† (2). Personal rights and public health concerns, collide on this subject. Many parents want to decide if their childrenRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccination750 Words   |  3 PagesBenefits and Dangers of Vaccinations There are many types of vaccinations used for many types of illnesses. They can vary from some small illness to a deadly illness that is very contagious. Some vaccinations are used for DPT (Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus), Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis and MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella). There are many pros of vaccinations. One of them is most healthcare professionals believe ion their effectiveness. It is believed that vaccinations are the cause of aRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccination1665 Words   |  7 PagesVaccinations, Worth A Shot! Mandated Vaccinations are a huge argument right now because of health and disease issues. There are people on both sides of this argument. Some people are against vaccinating their children because they feel they are being forced to have their child get vaccinated. While some people feel the need that vaccinations are important to protect themselves from any illness or diseases. Vaccinations should be mandatory for all schools and health care purposes. For one, peopleRead MorePros and Cons to Vaccination in Children1750 Words   |  7 PagesSeptember 1st 2014 Pros and Cons to Vaccinations in Children Almost everyone has heard of the benefits and dangers of childhood vaccines. Parents are especially eager to do what is best for their child to protect him or her. Some people have different opinions on what the best specifically entails when it comes to childhood vaccines. Vaccinations are a controversial discussion as parents question whether it should be mandatory or optional when they feel the cons outweigh the pros. The government saysRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Vaccination1011 Words   |  5 PagesVaccinations have gone through opposition and critics, but for the most part legislation has been slow, but treated vaccination fairly. To this day vaccination still faces many of the challenges that it faced in the early nineteenth century. The reasons have gone from personal freedom issues and just the overall effectiveness of mass immunization. The courts in the nineteenth century typically supported the enactment of mandatory vaccination programs. Most importantly for the futur e of mandatoryRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccination1241 Words   |  5 Pagescausing adverse effects and conditions. A world without vaccines would be full of illness and diseases. Thanks to vaccines a lot of diseases are almost gone from the U.S. today. According to CDC, in 1979, Japan decided to reduce their pertussis vaccinations and as a result they suffered a major epidemic resulting in 13,000 cases of whooping cough and 41 deaths. In 1981 they began vaccinating again and the number of pertussis cases dropped. This research reveals the importance of vaccines and how theyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Vaccinations1465 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral public healthy. Vaccinations have always been a topic of contention in regards to younger children, but have been a staple of health for older adults. In fact, college requirements for vaccinations are mandatory, and failure to get the proper vaccines before college starts could result in holds on college students’ accounts or d elays in registering for classes. For some students the vaccines are simple to procure, but for others the concept of required vaccinations serve as a real barrierRead MoreDiscussing the Pros and Cons of Vaccinations673 Words   |  3 PagesDiscussing the Pros And Cons Of Vacciniations Thesis: Vaccinations have many benefits including the prevention of certain diseases but they also can cause issues and be very riskful in using them to treat or prevent a disease. Some of these issues include the ethic dilemma behind the subject. Introduction: Vaccines are among the most affordable and successful public health tools for preventing disease, disability, and sometimes death. Not only do they protect a vaccinated individual from developingRead MorePros And Cons Of Vaccination1843 Words   |  8 PagesVaccinations first surfaced during the turn of the 19th century. It is currently a law that all school aged children receive a specific list of vaccinations in order to attend a school system of any kind. While the requirements in America are general consistent from state to state, they do vary slightly across one another. Although it is required, there is a list of exemptions that would allow parents to send their children to school without receiving the required immunizations. An example of the

`` Catfish `` Directed By Henry Joost And Ariel Schulman

â€Å"Catfish† directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman documents an online relationship between Nev Schulman and Abby Pierce, an 8-year-old artist prodigy. As their communications grow Abby’s family becomes involved and Nev talks with Megan, Abby’s sister, over the phone and they develop a relationship. It turns out that Angela, Abby’s mom, is behind all the characters Nev has talked to. She is also the one who painted all the paintings Nev thought Abby had painted. The film raises asks the question, who is actually on the other side of the screen? Whereas in â€Å"Connected, but Alone?† by Sherry Turkle explores the advancement in human relationship through technology. She warns that technology can not fulfill a human s need for interaction. Both the article and the movie come together to show that physical communication is crucial to the well-being of any person; through their explanation of how our mistakes make us vulnerable, our need for tru th in relationships, and how our fear of becoming lonely is making us lonely. Human vulnerability stems from mistakes in conversation and trust comes from our vulnerability. Vulnerability in relationships comes from the mistakes that we make. Mistakes are what Turkle points to as being the reason for relationships being rich and messy (42). We make mistakes because we have to translate how we think into something that other people can understand. Communication is getting over that translation and the mistakes that we make are a part ofShow MoreRelatedThe Social Exchange Theory : Catfish, By Ariel Schulman And Henry Joost1111 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze the value of these different positives and negatives, with the hope of computing the worth behind the relationship. This line of thinking or human behavior, is dubbed the Social Exchange Theory. In the documentary Catfish, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, Nev Schulman and â€Å"Meghan†, who Angela pretends to be, continue to grow their relationship until the cost of the dyad becomes too much for Nev to simply enjoy. This causes Nev to reconsider what this relationship means to him, beforeRead MoreHow Facebook Effects Relationships1670 Words   |  7 Pageshe cares for his significant other. Although there are many benefits of Facebook, the site can also create a lot of tension. In the film Catfish, a documentary directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, a 24-year-old photographer begins talking to a family after becoming intrigued with an 8-year-old child painter prodigy. As the main character Yaniv Nev Schulman creates a stronger bond with the family he starts to talk to the young prodigy’s older sister via text, phone calls, and of course, Facebook

Nature of Work Free Essays

Marine Biology also refers to Biological Sciences or Biological Oceanography. Marine Science is the general term for research conducted in oceans and coastal or inland waters connected to the sea. This particular field is probably the best known to the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marine Biology deals with the study of micro and living organisms such as plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria in oceans, estuaries, and other bodies of salt water. In the feild of Marine Biology you plan, participate in, and administer research programs for government experiment stations such as private research centers, manufactoring irms, and medical service industries. Tools and equipment for this career includes lab animals, X-Ray and other lab equipment, computers, spectrophotometers, collections of specimens, and a Starting no later than high school, a Marine Biologist should obtain a solid education in as many basic sciences as possible including chemistry, physics, and biology. Mathematics is essential. Plane geometry, trigonometry, solid geometry, and two years of algebra are recommended. Good English is no less important, for both written and oral reports are a big part of Marine Biology. The tudy of a foreign language, especially French, German, or Russian should begin early. Degrees in this study are offered only to college graduate students. Most entry level jobs minimally require a Bachelors degree in a natural science from an accredited college or university. Doctoral degree holders face competition for independent research positions. Those with a Bachelors degree or Masters degree in biological sciences can expect better opportunities for nonresearch In order to be a Marine Biologist or in any line of work, you have to be really dedicated to your job. This is the job I have always wanted ever since I was a little girl. I always loved the water especially the ocean. I think there is so much to discover about it and there are so many marine animals yet to be revealed. If I ever do become a Marine Biologist I either want to work in the laboratory or work in the field. I think it would be interesting to travel to different parts of oceans and discover what kind of plants and animals hide beneath the deep blue waters. Laboratory technicians and testers can acquire more education experience. They can work their way up through research ositions and may reach administrative posts in government or industry. As a rule, high paying postions of prestige go to those with a Ph. D degree and a history of successful research. C. Earnings and Working Conditions Marine Biologists may work in a laboratory, classroom, museum and industrial setting, a botanical garden or zoo, or in a field. They may either work alone or with engineers, technicians, and other scientists at various stages of research or product development. Working conditions vary with the kind of work they do. Indoor work areas may be quiet, well lighted, and air-conditioned. Those who work n laboratories or industrial settings must keep work areas very clean. Ventilation systems generally provide protection from dust, fumes, and odors. Special precautions are taken to protect those scientists who work with infectuous creatures or poisonous chemicals. While working in the field some Marine Biologists travel to coral reefs in tropical seas and ocean waters in cooler climates having to work a The earnings of a Marine Biologist are complicated. Most of these researchers recieve a salary directly from an employer. They write proposals in order to have their research ideas funded by private and overnment agencies. The quality of their results often determines whether they recieve money for future efforts, and consequently, whether they work and for how long. The salaries of a Marine Biologist comes down to each persons education, experience, and At the present time the profession of Marine Biology is one of the least crowded of the science fields. There are only a few thousand Marine Biologists in research, with less than three thousand graduates working and teaching in the United States. Since there is a limited number, opportunities in research are few and competition is stiff. How to cite Nature of Work, Papers

Healt and Social Care Communication free essay sample

When supporting service users, support workers interact differently with different people. For example, colleagues, management and the individuals themselves and their families and other communication with the different individuals may not always be smooth as expected. A lot of challenges occur when some people communicate inappropriately with others in ways that provoke or ehancating others. Thereby breaking the code of practice with denounces prejudice and discrimination. This needs to be challenged to create a safe working environment for individuals. Bernard Moss Page 68 points out that if prejudice and discrimination practices are not challenged it is one further tiny victory for intolerance and bigotry. † Challenging inappropriate interpersonal communication is central creating a safe environment for carers and individuals. Examples of inappropriate interpersonal communication issues are using offensive language when communicating. Failure to value other people’s dignity, failure to respect other peoples lives and sexual orientation, failure to respect their class and charminating people with disciplines. People in view differences in cultures differently, some embrace them as encirching to the society while others reach to them with fear, hostility and suspicion. Moss 2008 Page 69 In view of the above, various styles are employed in challenging inappropriate interpersonal communication different. Where inappropriate language is used, one could challenge this on a one on one basis lay requesting the individual to use appropriate language and rephrase their statements. This needs to be done in a firm but calm way ,which will not be provocative to the individual concerned. This however may not always be successfully done if the individual would have done so under the influence or either alcohol or drugs. In view of the above, it is important to challenge one’s use of bad language when they are not under the influence of anything. Challenging may also be done through use of body language, without even communicating verbally. This could be successfully be done between individuals who are used to each other an know that when the other reacts to situations in a given way, that way mean that they would have done would be inappropriate. This could either be gestures or other movements for example frowning moving positions standing or sitting down to remove oneself from the prosant environment or even booking away from the situation. This is supported by Argyle (1978) as cited in Tilmouth, Davis and Williams, who argue that â€Å"non-verbal communication can have as much as five times the impact of words spoken on a person’s words of understanding. † When dealing with very difficult individuals, it is important to use stronger power of them to challenge the inappropriate interpersonal communication. This could be done through reference to the organization’s policies about the matter in questions with strong emphasis on its observation while in the premises (Bernard Moss 2000). Issues that involve gross misconduct will usually require the manager to disciplinary action by calling a disciplinary meeting with the individual to challenge inappropriate interpersonal communication. This may involve another person who may be there to witness and cord the outcome. In the meeting, rules need to be outlined and observed and when necessary a follow up letter could be sent to the individual to reinforce the issues discussed. The manager needs to use appropriate and professional language to do so outlining the organizational policy with regards to the matter. Finally, as outlined above the reviewed methods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication could either be successfully done when the right styles of challenging them are employed or they could exhibit detrimental effects in both the organization and the individuals at most when ineffectively executed. 1. 4 Various strategies could be used to support service users with specific communication needs. These communication needs could be hearing problems, visual problems, physical problems, speech problems as well as learning difficulties. People could be born with partial and permanent hearing impatience. People born with no hearing at all could communicate very well by means of sign language or Maketon. Judy Richards 1999 defines sign language as â€Å"a method of communication where the hands are used to convey a message. † This means that failure to produce speech may not hinder one from communicating with other people. They could still convey messages with their hands, there and be responded to by hands in a way that they will understand. Judith Richards further identifies the British sign language as a language â€Å"in which language users make gestures involving movement of hands, arms, eyes, face, head and body to conduct a conversation. † The above notion seems to suggest that failure to hear should not be viewed as a failure to communicate. Service users could learn the language to be able to communicate with others as well as in a scholarly why. On the other hand, some people may lose their hearing during the course of their life due to age, disease or accidents that may damage their hearing. In such cases, this could be corrected by the use of hearing aids, according to US Food and Drug Administration (Protecting and Promoting your Health). www. fda. gov/MedicalDevices) Hearing aids are sound amplifying devices designed to aid people who have a hearing impairment. There are various types of hearing aids. These differ by the way they are designed, the special feature on them as well as the technology used on them to achieve the hearing aiding. Individuals could consult with their hearing aid specialist on choosing the best hearing aids to suit their specific hearing impairment. Just like with hearing impairment one could be born with vision impairment or they could sustain it during the course of their lives. Judy Richards identifies visual impairment as â€Å"disorder, dysfunctions and diseases which affect the eyes and the vision of an individual. † With permanent vision loss, individuals could be introduced to Braille, which according to Judy Richard identifies Braille as â€Å"a type of writing and printing using raised dots to represent letters which allows blind and visually impaired people to red and communicate by touch. Braille enables visually impaired individuals to gain access to facilities, learn to read and access information –for example touching the braille impressions on doors to ensure they are heading the right way. † It also empowers them by facilitating learning, reading and accessing information that will enable them to lead independent lives. Visually impaired individuals could use a while colored walking stick to assist them in identifying where they are going as well as communicating to he public that they are visually impaired. ON another note, however, people with partial vision could use assistive vision correction tools like reading and prescription reading eye glasses. They could use glasses to see the people they are communicating with properly and read information that could be communicated to them. Teeth are a vital part in a human body and are central for communication purposes. Communication with no teeth or bad teeth could be difficult for individuals. Other than mastication the teeth help bring out words being communicated clearly. Teeth could be lost due to extradition, dental diseases, defects on the teeth or accidents that may result in teeth being knocked out gt;These teeth could be replaced by a dentist by the use of dentures. When a service user loses their teeth, they tend to alter the way they communicate. They lose their self esteem due to not wanting other people to see that they don’t have teeth when communicating. This way they become antisocial and withdraw from expressing their needs verbally. Dentures are a professional way of restoring their self esteem and confidence to enable them to communicate happily and freely with others. ,1 The UK as a multicultural society embraces individuals from different cultures with different values and beliefs. The way the society communicates with individuals from these cultures may create challenges that may affect effective delivery of care in the health and social care sector. In view of the above, various factors could influence individuals’ personal values and cultural beliefs. These factors could include individuals beliefs, age, sex, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, education and social class. The cultural aspect of individuals belief could be based on the way they dress, speak, worship. Individuals in care may want to dress in a certain way and may find it offensive if that is not observed. For example some Jewish individuals in care may only want to be supported but female support workers who wear only feminine clothes like dresses or skirts. This may meant that they may not allow female staff to support them wearing trousers or slacks. Doing so could be interpreted roughly by the Jewish society in care. They would choose to participate in activities and engage more with support workers who respect this choice according to them. While this could be a good way of expressing their cultural beliefs, it may not always go well with the support workers who may feel forced to abide by that notion so as to support to keep their jobs. IN such situations delivery of care is compromised, as a conflict of interests would have been created by the acceptance of the Jewish individuals’ choices. The non-verbal communication techniques, which are mainly body language, could by interpreted differently when communicating with individuals from different cultures. For example, an English child would be expect to look an adult in the eye when speaking to them and stand up right. IF they look away when being asked questions especially those that need to determine that hey be telling the truth or not they may quickly be ruled out as lyinggt; Contrary to the above, an African child would not look an adult in the eye when talking to them. Doing so could be interpreted as being disrespectful to the adult. In addition to that, they are expected to kneel down next to the adult who they may be speaking to. This gesture is viewed as being respectful to adults. A South African female individual in care may not allow male staff to support them with care activities that are intrusive for example cleaning their bottom and applying cream and or shaving their bottom front in preparation for a surgical procedure. This is the English culture may not matter at all as it is part of the health care procedure while it is viewed as grossly intrusive in the South African Culture. The way individuals dress would have either negative or positive impact on the society’s perceptions about them. For example, individuals who may dress in dark clothes others may perceive all the time as having more of a darker side to their lives than the natural eye could see. The same could be with people who wear clothes with very bright colors and a lot of facial make up. They would be perceived as working to show themselves off to the world and as a result may be viewed as prostitutes with inviting characteristics. Contrary to the above, people who wear warm decent colors of clothing may be look at as calm and safe people to be around Facial expressions may depict different language expressions. Some may be the same in different languages whl others may differ. For example widely opening one’s mouth with teeth together could be interpreted as smiling, meaning that one is happy while the same action with the mouth wide open could mean a surprise which has a completely different meaning from the above. Expressions on the forehead for example may mean jouyous reaction, anger or even a surpsise depending on how it is expressed and viewed by different individuals. The same goes with variation in various ethnic groups’ language interprettions of meanings, sounds and actions performed. For example, a lot of youg people use their hands instead of their mounths to express some rude langue responses to situations they are not amused with in doing so different fingers are use d to signal different meanings. These way the same in some cultures and ethnic groups but different in others. The way are may nod their head may signal how they feel and what they mean. The same applies to support part of ones body movements for example the shoulders. When pushed up and down, the action may mean that one does not want. Contrary to that, when pushed up with open arms and chest forward it may mean acceptance and chest inward may mean uncertainty. As a health and social worker, a support worker needs to be aware that different individuals with different cultural backgrounds may view different health and social care issues differently. Support workers need to work hard to ensure that the individuals’ cultural values and beliefs are observed and adhered to when supporting then. It Is important that they observe their ethnicity and endeavor to understand how different cultures behave in different situations. Support workers could raise the issues about different individuals’’ values and beliefs in meetings and training sessions to gain more knowledge that will equip the with better skills to support individuals with lateral values and backgrounds 2. 2 Various legal requirements have in form of policies, practices, codes of practice and charters used in organizational systems do have a great impact on the communication process in the health and social care practice. All care activities are required by law to communicate their care activities mainly through documentation. This is done at different levels of care delivery and in most cases different tools are used by different organisations to do this. Examples of these tools are care plans, support logs, appointment forms, accident report forms find chart incontinence monitoring charts, individual review forms, logging in records, telecare alarm logs, health and safety log sheets. , finance log sheets. These tools are used to monitor different care activities and may be created differently by different organizations. Written documentation is an important method of communicating care activities in care settings. It is a way of communication practitioners care activities in record keeping. Care plans are drawn to assist support workers to deliver care as expected to the individual. These are created after an assessment and classification of an individual into either residential care, nursing homes, supported living home or in hospitalgt; this tool is used by carers to document delivered the care to the individuals in the way specified by their care package. In addition to the care plan, other care activities are also documented in various recording tools. In supporting living care, the other important records are the individuals’ health records, their financial, their GP appointments, their reviews, risk assessments, life long learning records, community access records, and their incident/accidents records. These records are required by the leau to be kept safely all the time. According to â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ Data Protection Act†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬  All individuals’ records should be kept under lock and key. Access to these records should only be given with the individual’s consent, where the individual is incompetent to make this decision an avocate coned be appointed on their behalf. After recording information in individual’s records, support workers are required to store them safely for access only but these entitled to do so , support workers are not allowed to share information about the individuals with those not concerned with their care. When information is required on legal disclosure could the confidentiality of their information be booked. Documentation of these records. Example break confidentiality. The records should be clearly and accurately documented dated, signed and stored away in a lockable place. Individuals names should not be said in public when discussing about them. Instead their initials should be used. While individuals’ information is kept under lock and key they have the right to deny include access to their can have access to information records and the right in the records and they are allowed to see everything kept. I. e. Their records about them as stipulated in the General social Care Council Codes of Practice. Record writing and record keeping skills should be taught in meetings and in various care course that equip support workers with knowledge and skills care delivery as well as in record keeping and communication. This could be done through the achievement of the National Vocational Qualification NVQ Levels 2 and 3. Organization systems put in place policies and procedures to be observed by care practitioners and individuals in promoting good work practice in ommunication. Most of the communication that occurs in a work place is done by support workers with to others, through written documentation, meetings and or talking. This would be for information support activities, reports writing. The support worker could communicate with staff and management in meetings, reviews with GP/social workers/district nurses. Then could talk to individuals about their problems and health issues. In documentati on, organizations have policies and procedures in place to be followed in communicating information. For example, if the service user is on medication the tool called ‘Medication Administration Record Sheet’ (MARS) has to be filled in. The MARS sheet will show the type of medication the individual is on clearly giving the medication name. When it is to be administered this could being the morning, evening afternoon evening or night. Specifies time is given is 0800, 12 pm 1600, 2000. How the medication is to be given in what quantity. For example, dissolve on sachet in 250mls of water or take two puffs of the inhaler twice a day. This could also be about chewing the tablet, apply some cream on an affected area or putting two eye drops three times a day in each eye. The medication could be in form of liquid and syrups, tablets, inhalers, creams, injections, eye or ear drops and medicated bandages, bain patles many other forms. When the type of medication the individuals take has been in administered. This should be indicated by signing on the particular medications on a particular day. This is the only way other staff could follow whether or not the medication an individual is to take has actually been administered. Without MARS in place, staff would have no way of knowing whether or not the individual’s medication has been administered. Thi sis because most of them may not be competent enough to know, if they have to take medication. In addition to the above, organizations are required by law to keep a records of the training of staff of the Administration of Medication. No staff is allowed to administer any medication to people in care without the appropriate training. It is important for the organization to put such a system in place to protect the individuals in care as failure to do so may ave serious consequences like wrongly administration of medication and other medication errors that may have a threat to the individual’s health and even fatalities in extreme cases. Another example of a documentation tool is the support logs. These are log sheets that provide information in the care given to individuals. This care could be supporting the individual with personal care, break fast, medication, accessing the community for bowling or going to the community college for life long learninggt; This could be a bead making course or an art class. The support worker will need to record the outcomes of the support. For example, they need to log the finance folder filling in the expenditure logs and balancing he service users cash logs. They will also need to document the individuals feeding pattern especially when they notice some changes in the individual’s behavior eating and or drinking habits. Various tools provided by the organization could be sued to monitor the patterns. These could be food monitoring charts, fluid charts, bowel and bladder monitoring charts. The bowel monitoring chart staff will need to document if the individuals move their bowels and the size of that bowel movement activity. In some cases they may also be required to document the consistency of the faeces produced. This information could be used by the district nurse to determine if the bowel movement pattersnare normal or not. Depending on the autering the information could be used for submission to the GP who may request further tests to determine whether or not the individual has bowel related problems. These could be constipation, intestinal problems, bowel cancer, and other bowel diseases they may have that could contribute to the individuals bowel problems. Other monitoring systems in organizations could be done through official record keeping that could also be required by external agents that monitor the organizations achiva. These include Care Quality Commission CQC. , Health and Safety Executive responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health and safety. Fire Safety Division for prevention reducing and firefighting fire that may result in death, injury, property an anerge Care quality Commission from October 2010 health and Adult Social Care providers registered and licensed with CQC. A health watchdog that regulates all health and adult care services in England. Ensures standards of quality and safety are being met, Fire Sares Staff basic fire training and clients about evacuation. Fire Safety Procedures legislation How to read the fire manualgt; Fire precautions Act 1971. Fire testinggt; Fire alarms fire handouts. Fire and Rescue Service Act 2004. Health and Safety . Fire extinguisher login and of buildings. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Fire alarms , no spills, testing of hoists, fire doors. Care Quality Commission CQC monitors standards of care in various care settings. Has a wide range of enforcement powers to take action on behalf of people in care. They can carry out inspections on any area of a care facility. This could be on the training of staff for example, staff caring for individuals have to have retained NVQ Level 2 or 3. Staff provisions and work distribution for example he ratio of staff to the service users to determine whethere or not staff are over worked and under staffed. Whtehr or not proper practices are followed on the work place when carrying out certain activities. For example, where there are incontinent service users, yellow bags are used to dispose of their pads and these are individually bagged before being put in the yellow bags and placed in a yellow bin which are frequently collected to prevent a health hazard. In this case, the CQC will expect to find these in place and if not, penalties could be imposed on the organization. 2. 4 There are different ways that could be sued to improve the communication process in Social Care. This could be through verbal or nonverbal and or written communication. The organization could invest in its staff by putting them through training of different aspects that will directly contribute to positive delivery of care acquisition of better communication skills. These could include Safety, Communication and Record Keeping, Confidentiality awareness, Dementia training challenging behaviors, care palling and Monday. It could be of great importance as well for the organization to take advantage of the ongoing training and development of health and social care orkers government funded Health and Social Care Diplomas Level 2 and Level 3 formerly National Vocational Qualifications NVQs. These are done through work based learning with learners employed by the organization, paid on their days they go to college to study and working in the Health and Social Care sector while pursuing these qualifications. The qualifications will empower the support workers with the acquired communica tion, knowledge and skills and improve their communication skills. The support workers could have a better understanding of the different care aspects covered in different core units. These will impart them with knowledge in values and ethics , their legal responsibilities, practice of service standards and implementation protection of individuals. They could also acquire knowledge into the legal requirements of the record keeping and data protection act and its implication son the protection of the individuals information. The employers need to continuously engage support workers in in-house training in different communication activities in accordance with the codes of practice for social care workers as ethics in the General Social Care Comunical 2002. It is important that support workers listen to the service users actively when speaking to them. When speaking to them, support workers need to bring themselves down to their lvel as different heights make them feel intimidated. Support workers should ensure that hey put the Service User in the centre of their care, empowering them by supporting them to make their own choices on issues that matter to them the most. For exmpale, what they want to eat, when to go to bed and the cltoehs they choose to wear. An individual with learning difficulties and limited speech may not be able to read and write thus any written communication may not benefit them. Pictorial representations could be used instead to communicate iwht this individual. The support worker could have pictures on the wall that show a plate of fish and chips that depicts time to eat, a galss of beer means that it is pub night tonight, a bed will mean it is bed time. A shower head will mean it is itme for a shower. With time, these include the follow †¦ Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users. Stritve to use codes of practice on 6th page. 3. 2 (no 3. 1) While Information Communication Technology ICT has become part of many people’s lives it has further stretched to involve being usda s an important tool in health and social care. ICT is used in health and social care organisations in discerninating information. The Service Manger could email staff to inform them about the oncoming meeting ans staff could email back information they may want added to the agnenda for discussion. Organisation circulars could be sent by the Human Resource Manager through emails to all staff. Staff could carry out research on issues relation to supporting services uers using the internet. They could access case studies ,, report care journals, downloads information as well. Juliette Okko and James Reid (38) point out that â€Å"The internet and advances in ICT mean thter ies more information available than you can usually utilize or make sense of. Instead of relying on the few resource books available in the workplace storage cupboard, use of the internet could be of great benefit to staff. Staff could share the knowledge with individuals. ICT has brought about great hcanges in roganisational care skills traininggt; The organisations invest moneh in creation of the intranet portal, a website for the organization that has all information about he organization. IT is a pivotal point for staff training, resource storage for staff access like Policies and Procedures to follow in various care practices. The use of the Training portal minimizes cost in staff training and refresher course. This reduces travelling expenses for tranining rooms hire and ofre refreshments paid for by organisations. The use of ICT has become a spending cuts trategy for trnaing staff. Individuals have benefited from ICT by being able to access life learning resources and chatting online and going into dating websites to find parnters to share their lives with. ICT is highly used across the board to store indivdiuals records securely and only making them accessible by password by only those allowed to access them ICT also benefits the organization in creating templates for different recording systems for example, fluid charts, risk assessments, care plans, bowel movement charts, finance cash and expenditure logs as well as support logs. . 3 Various pieces of legislation have been enacted in line with the use of ICT in the workplace. These have been carefully drafted for implementation by the end users to include individuals, support workers, the organization and the general pblic. The copyright Design and Patents Act 1988 prohibits unauthorized access to acomputer materials ucha s computer proframmes software, training DVDs and computer virus software. An roganisat ion wil need to pay for software for its staff to access for Fire, Health and Safety and Food Hygiene and Epilepsy training. Some organization smay want to use the software at a lowe cost and they may borrow from other organisations. Doing so would be breaking the law in accordance*** and could face litgation. This could have a negative contribution othe organization;s financial standing. Support workers and other organization staff have a legal obligation in accordance with the Data Protect Act 1998 to protect individuals personal data. They are prohibited from sharing information stored about individuals and using their own ICT devises to do so. (Bernard Moss Communication Book) Moss B emphasizes htat â€Å"Never use your home computer for confidential work purposes. This could be a clear breach of the data protection: This could also be a problem if ones computer is steolen and the work is lost in on eway or the other. In that way, the safety of the idnividuals data is put at risk and it could eb seen,read or even used inappropriately wihotut their consent. In line with the Health and Safety at work Act HASAWA 1974, an ICT legislation known as the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations, promotes healthy eyecare by enforcing the provision of eye and eye sight test by the employer as soon as the practicatbly requested by the employee at any given point. While the above legal obligations are usually met by both the employers and employees, it may not always appear obious that they do exist. They only come winto light when an incident relation to the ICT use occurs,. The legal considerations will always be met following the organisations policies and procedures and do have a strong impact on the smooth running of a health and social care organization.

Pepsi Environmental Factors Essay Example

Pepsi: Environmental Factors Essay Environmental Factors Antonio Presley University of Phoenix August 31, 2009 Abstract Every organization has rules, regulations, and guidelines that help govern the conduct of the employees, global and domestic marketing decisions, and environmental factors. PepsiCo, success can be affected by an internal or external environment analysis. An internal or external environment analysis is an analysis of the target market for a companys goods or services that can provide understanding of environmental factors that need to be addressed for a products success. Even major Companies like Pepsi are affected by these factors. When considering the importance of the factors that affect marketing an organization plan it are necessary to note that the environment and market can be very complicated and are in the majority of instances ever changing. Environmental Factors Every organization has rules, regulations, and guidelines that help govern the conduct of the employees, global and domestic marketing decisions, and environmental factors. Environmental factors are often divided into two categories namely macro environment and microenvironment. In addition, environmental factors can be political, social, ecological, cultural, technological, and ethical in nature. Whereas, any organization that develops a product or service domestically or globally must consider the impact each of the environmental factors may have. For instance, factors can result in the failed attempt to market a product, which may be successful domestically, in other countries where there is a significant market potential. Furthermore, this essay will identify the environmental factors that affect global and domestic marketing decisions, impacts of technology, and the importance of social responsibility and ethics as related to PepsiCo marketing. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi: Environmental Factors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi: Environmental Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi: Environmental Factors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer PepsiCo is a world leader in convenient snacks, foods, and beverages with revenues of more than $39 billion and over 185,000 employees, which conducts both domestic and global marketing(PepsiCo,  2009). At the same time, PepsiCo is committed to protecting there natural resources and operating in a way that minimizes the environmental footprint, with the goal of reaching a net-neutral impact. In addition, as a multinational company, PepsiCo value the unique contributions and perspectives that people from different culture bring to there business. Therefore, the company continues to promote diversity and believe they have a responsibility to ensure the health and wellness communities they serve (PepsiCo,  2009). PepsiCo, success can be affected by an internal or external environment analysis. An internal or external environment analysis is an analysis of the target market for a companys goods or services that can provide understanding of environmental factors that need to be addressed for a products success. High-level domestic and global environmental factors that may affect the organizations marketing decisions are political, social, ecological, cultural, technological, and ethical. When considering the political factors that affect marketing plan it is necessary to note that political environment can be very complicated and is in the majority of instances ever changing. In contrast, social factors can affect PepsiCo domestic and global marketing decision because it influences a customer’s buying behavior. For example, according to the Tutor2u  (n. d) Web site,  when dealing with social factors several individuals may interact to influence the purchase decision (initiator, influencer, decider, buyer, and user). However, the ecological factors can also affects PepsiCo marketing because more companies, organizations, and consumers are trying to eliminate or minimize waste by avoidance and prevention. Armstrong and Kotler  (2005)  stated,    â€Å"Companies emphasizing prevention have responded with â€Å"green marketing† programs—developing ecologically safer products, recyclable and biodegradable packaging, better pollution controls, and more energy-efficient operations† (Chap. 16,  p. 573). In addition, researchers and consumers have find the products to be both green and competitive. Besides the global environmental factors, that affect PepsiCo marketing decisions the company should also be aware of the culture and technology that could also affect marketing. Culture impacts the organization is marketing decisions because many countries feel that certain type of American exposures to products erodes values and of other cultures and westernizes the world. Other issues culture can affect are marketing decisions and being able to adapt to other countries’ business cultures and deal effectively with foreign nationals (Armstrong Kotler,  2005). On the contrary, technology affects marketing tremendously. Armstrong and Kotler  (2005)  stated, â€Å"Technological advances in every area, from telecommunications, information technology, and the Internet to health care and entertainment, provide abundant marketing opportunities† (Chap. 16, p. 573). PepsiCo importance of social responsibility and ethics as related to the organization’s marketing is very substantial. The organization has taken vigorous steps to encourage kids to lead healthier lives and to provide their parents more tools to make healthier choices (PepsiCo,  2009). Whereas, the company understands the importance of providing nutritious foods and physical activities for children. In addition, they also understand the obstacles preventing parents from making the healthy choice. Since PepsiCo introduced the Smart Spot in 2004, they made it easier for consumers to identify products that contribute to a healthier lifestyle in the U. S. Therefore, the Smart Symbol (the symbol of smart choices made easy) is a simple labeling system that explains why each product is a smart choice (PepsiCo,  2009). Furthermore, this symbol is the only industry symbol that meets nutrition criteria based on authoritative statements from the U. S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Academy of Sciences. Today, more than 300 different products carry the Smart Spot label (PepsiCo,  2009). In conclusion, environmental factors affect global and domestic marketing decisions by affecting the political, social, ecological, cultural, technological, and ethical of the organization. Even major Companies like Pepsi are affected by these factors. When considering the importance of the factors that affect marketing an organization plan it are necessary to note that the environment and market can be very complicated and are in the majority of instances ever changing. Reference Armstrong, G. , Kotler, P. (2005). Marketing: An Introduction. [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Text]. , : Prentice-Hall. Retrieved August  31, 2009, from University of Phoenix, MKT421. PepsiCo. (2009). Performance with Purpose. Retrieved August  31, 2009, from http://www. pepsico. com/Company. html Tutor2u. (n. d). buyer behaviour social factors. Retrieved August  31, 2009, from http://www. tutor2u. net/business/marketing/buying_social_factors. asp Not the paper youre looking for? 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Word Choice Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating - Proofed

Word Choice Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating - Proofed Word Choice: Nauseous, Nauseated, or Nauseating? Do grammatical errors make you feel sick? If so, are you feeling â€Å"nauseous† or â€Å"nauseated†? These words cause a lot of strife among grammarians, so we thought we would clear up some of the controversies by looking at three terms in detail: â€Å"nauseous,† â€Å"nauseated† and â€Å"nauseating.† Time to take your grammatical medicine! Nauseous (Causing Nausea or Feeling Sick) â€Å"Nauseous† is an adjective with two distinct meanings in modern English: Causing nausea or disgust nausea or disgust Feeling sick or disgusted The traditional meaning of â€Å"nauseous† is the first definition above. For example, we might say: The rotting meat gave off a nauseous smell. Here, â€Å"nauseous† implies that the smell of the meat is disgusting. Some (pedantic) people will insist that this first definition is the only â€Å"correct† use of this term. However, in practice, the second definition is widely used as well. As such, we could also say: The smell of the rotting meat made me nauseous. In this case, â€Å"nauseous† describes the feeling of nausea. This is, in fact, the most common meaning of this term in modern English and almost always how it is used in everyday language. Nauseated (Feeling Sick or Disgusted) The traditional word for feeling sick or disgusted is â€Å"nauseated.† This makes it like the second sense of â€Å"nauseous† above, so we would use it as follows: His disgusting habits left me nauseated. This term is actually the simple past tense of the verb â€Å"nauseate,† which means â€Å"to cause nausea.† Nauseating (Causing Nausea) Another variation of this term is the adjective â€Å"nauseating,† which means â€Å"causing nausea or disgust.† It is therefore used in the same way as the first definition of â€Å"nauseous† above. For instance: I find violent movies nauseating. The adverbial form of this word is â€Å"nauseatingly,† which is used when describing an action. Nauseous, Nauseated or Nauseating? So, with all of these overlapping meanings, how do you avoid errors when using these terms? Most of the time, using either â€Å"nauseous† or â€Å"nauseated† to mean â€Å"feeling sick or disgusted† is fine. You can then use â€Å"nauseating† to describe something that causes nausea or disgust, since this term only has one meaning. However, some still prefer to use the old-fashioned meaning of â€Å"nauseous,† especially in formal medical writing. Keep in mind, then, that it may specifically mean â€Å"causing nausea† in some cases. Nauseous = Causing nausea or feeling sick Nauseated = Feeling sick or disgusted Nauseating = Causing nausea

Patenting is an expensive process, and one fraught with risks. Explain Essay

Patenting is an expensive process, and one fraught with risks. Explain these risks, and also why people continue to take out patents - Essay Example (Gibbs, 2003) Patents are necessarily applied to new and novel devices and methodologies, inventions which are unique and never thought out in the past and which could be used for beneficial purposes, both from the consumer perspective as well as industrial basis. Patenting is not easy to achieve. It has to be registered at the relevant patent office and the application process is a stringent one to start with. The patent application contains different claims which are in line with the device or methodology and these claims outline the exact sentences which are specific personifications related with the invention. (Mcleod, 2001) The relevant patent laws are checked upon once the patenting application has gone through. At times, there are objections which are raised with the patenting process and told to the authority who wants to have the patenting process activated in the first place. Once the patent has been granted to this individual, he has the right to collect his renewal fees from a number of different countries at the end of each year. This makes sure that the patent is in effect for a long period of time. The risks associated with patents are that they can be easily copied and infringed upon by just about anyone related with the trade, business or industry. (Link, 2003) Thus there are a number of people who oppose the general idea of having patents in the first place. When someone wants to patent there is always this danger of losing one’s invention and becoming a counterfeit in a short period of time. There is the aspect of imitation and copying and then the legal restrictions are not that strong to stop everyone who is bent upon destroying the exclusivity of the new device or methodology which has been patented by the relevant authority. Then there is the monopoly which can be governed by the party who patents this right on his device or methodology that he can wrongfully ask the competitors to be cut out from gaining

Genetically Modified Crops Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Genetically Modified Crops - Essay Example Some have termed the genetically manipulated crops ‘frankenfoods’ and have questioned the potential harm to people and the environment that could come from their production. This discussion will answer these questions regarding the safety of these foods and present an overview of bioengineered foods. Bioengineering food involves â€Å"splicing a gene from one organism, such as a bacterium, into a plant or animal to confer certain traits† (Muth et al, 2002). These traits, developed for agricultural crops such as corn, soybeans, canola and cotton include increasing nutrients, tolerance to herbicides and drought, resistance to fungus and insects and reduced spoilage. Bioengineered corn and soybeans have become increasingly widespread among farmers during the last decade and the products can be commonly found in most grocery stores. Companies that engineer and produce bioengineered foods as well as manufacturers that choose to use these foods in their ingredients are faced with a stringent and ever-developing regulatory oversight by three government agencies; the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture), the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Which agency regulates a particular product is determined by the intended use of the crop. Very often, a product is regulated by multiple agencies. The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, a division of the USDA monitors products and organisms that affect plants. Products and organisms derived from bioengineering methods introduced to or manufactured in the U.S. require USDA identification. This agency then determines if the item in question is a ‘regulated article’ or a possible disease. If the USDA decides that the product or crop is to be regulated, â€Å"a written approval usually is issued that designates conditions for introduction of the article† (McCammon,

Industrial Placement Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Industrial Placement Report - Case Study Example It comprises of work orders, scheduling, service requirements, data collection, parts and inventory management, and forecasting of parts and inventory needs. When a piece of manufacturing equipment needs regular servicing, that task automatically appears on a list of work to be done, and a plant technician will perform the work, making a note in the system that it was done, by whom, and when. Engineering department is also recording all variations in production and quality and organizes the remedial actions. I work in the packaging department ( the Department.) In this report 1) I shall give my view, both, on the Department side and on the production (i.e. manufacturing) side of the Company. I will discuss three important elements of a successful operation of any pharmaceutical firm: Quality Assurance (QA), Safety procedures (SP) and, above all, Information Technology. As Information Technology (IT) and automation is involved in virtually every production and quality assurance (QA) process, I shall mention the IT role in individual processes as I will keep describing them further on in this report. The Company produces only tablets and capsules. A high degree of automation exists in the production side of the Company. ... These finished chemicals are combined and processed further in mixing machines. The mixed ingredients may then be mechanically capsulated, pressed into tablets. Our part of the ( packaging) Department works only with tablets, but the Company produces capsules as well. The workers in the Company fall into one of two occupational groups: Production workers who operate drug-producing equipment, inspect products, and install, maintain, and repair production equipment; and transportation and material moving workers who package and transport the drugs. This is the role of our Department. Generally, I can characterize the technology in our Department as being medium-automated. Since the Company has three tablet-producing, fully automated, lines, we are packaging three different types of tablets.For that, our part of the Department has three packaging lines, each consisting of one blister packing machine, one cartoner and an overwrapper. These three units are all connected into a series. The inputs into this three-machine series are: tablets, cartons and leaflets and at the end, as output, comes packaged product, already in cartons with proper labels attached. Then we further pack the cartons into outerboxes. 3. Good Manufacturing and Production Practices There are several major items that we see important in our work space: Generally, working conditions in pharmaceutical plants are better than those in most other manufacturing plants. In the Company, there is a stress on keeping equipment and work areas clean because of the danger of contamination. We work in air-conditioned, well lighted, and quiet place. Health and safety regulations ( to be discussed later in

Hindi gk Essay Example for Free

Hindi gk Essay To acquaint students with the economic problems and solve the problems at local and national level To familiarize students with basic ideas in economics To foster an urge among students for effective participation. To prepare students to cope with stress and strain. To develop an understanding of the nations resources To develop among students a favorable attitude To help the students to understand that various sectors must develop equally. To develop among students a passion tor social Justice. To help students to acquire skills. Objectives of teaching economics at Higher Secondary Level: 1 . To acquire the knowledge of facts, terms, concepts, trends, principles, problems and processes of economics. 2. To develop understanding of trends, principles, processes, etc in economics. 3. To apply the acquired knowledge and its understanding to unfamiliar situation. 4. To acquire economic skills like drawing maps, charts, tables, diagrams, graphs, etc. 5. To evelop interest in the subject and problems related to the economic life of the people. 6. To develop desirable attitudes necessary for developing a broader outlook. ) Correlation of Economics with Commerce, Mathematics, History, Geography, Science, Languages. Meaning of correlation: 0 Technique which establishes reciprocal relationship between different subjects of the curriculum for the better and clear understanding of the subject under discussion. 0 Acc. To Raymont, No subject is ever well understood and no art is intelligently practiced, if the light which t he other studies are able to throw upon it is eliberately shut out. 0 Knowledge is one invisible whole, which cannot be divided into water tight compartments. Reasons for correlation: 0 Stability of knowledge 0 Economy of knowledge 0 Development of interest in the subject 0 Makes the burden of the curriculum light 0 Development of human and social qualities Types of Correlation: 1) Incidental Correlation: correlation between subjects occurring by chance not planned. 2) Planned Correlation: Its a deliberate attempt to correlate subjects. There are two types of planned correlation: a) Vertical Correlation- correlation of economics with various branches of economics ) Horizontal correlation- correlation of economics with other subjects c) Correlation with life. Correlation of Economics with Commerce: Main aim in Commerce is 0 to study about business, industry, trade and organization 0 study all activities beginning from production and leading up to distribution 0 study of trade, banking, export, import, book-keeping, etc All the above are closely associated with economics. Economics and commerce cannot be studied separately. They are inter-twined. Through the knowledge of commerce, it is possible to run the economy of a country more efficiently. Correlation ot Economics witn Mathematics: 0 There exists very close relationship of economics with mathematics particularly statistics. Most of the economic theories are propounded on the basis of statistical data. 0 In economics we make use of various mathematical symbols. 0 To formulate theories, Geometry and Algebra are widely used. 0 Without statistics the knowledge of economics remains incomplete. Marshall said, Statistics are the straw out of which, I like every other economist have to make b ricks. 0 To draw graphs, sketches, and tables the teacher of economics depends on mathematical knowledge. Correlation of Economics with History: 0 Both subjects are social sciences. 0 After Industrial Revolution production of quantity and quality of goods improved. Also resulted in competitive business for marketing of finished goods. Gave rise to infighting among various developed European powers which resulted in huge wars and new powers emerged. 0 First and Second World Wars were fought for economic considerations. 0 To get knowledge of various economic factors that were responsible for various historical events, we have to depend on history. 0 History tells about the economic development of various countries. When we read a particular period in history, we learn about economic conditions prevailing in that period. The beginning of medium of exchange such as gold coins and others are studied in history. Correlation of Economics with Geography: 0 In economics we study about various goods. The production is governed by various geographical factors such as nature of soil, climate. 0 Economic conditions of a country depend to a large extent on its geographical conditions. 0 India could become a great power in ancient times because of its geograp hical situation and other conditions. Agriculture, industry and other economic activities depend to a large extent on geographical factors. C] Availability of raw materials means of transport and types land (plateaus, deserts, mountains, etc) are considered in major decisions of business. 0 Certain industries and trade develop in a particular place when geographical conditions favor them. Correlation of Economics with Science: 0 Teaching is a technical Job. It requires certain qualities of head and heart. Every teacher must familiarize herself/ himself with the time honored maxims of teaching which are evolved as a result of long experience in teaching and research in ducational psychology. To explain the concept of Diminishing Marginal Utility give water to a student to drink and ask other students to observe how is urge for drinking water decreases gradually at that point of time. v) Particular to General 0 Examples and facts should be presented to students before giving them the general rules or principles. 0 Study of particular facts should lead the children themselves frame general rules and generalizations 0 Same principle adopted in inductive method of teaching 0 E. g. discuss adulteration of different products, cheating done to consumers and then teach the concept of Consumer Protection.

Two Autonomous Women in American Literature Essay -- social issues, wo

In American history, women have not always had the same rights and opportunities of men. Yet, there were exceptions throughout history of women casting aside the general role of just a mother or housewife. Two fictitious examples occur in the book The Awakening by Kate Chopin, and the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare. In The Awakening, Edna, the protagonist of the story, undergoes a realization that her nineteenth-century lifestyle is not the way she wants to live. She rebels against being treated like a piece of property and tries to break free of societies laws. Macbeth tells the story of a man named Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth who desires to become queen. Lady Macbeth is the one who told him to kill the current king Duncan to become king himself. Both Edna and Lady Macbeth portray examples of women with autonomy, but the one who displays the characteristics of autonomy the best is Edna. Edna is more autonomous than Lady Macbeth, who only influences rather than displ ay her own independence, because she takes a stand against society, which is the ultimate act of independence. Lady Macbeth is inarguably a very strong, powerful woman with a lot of control, especially at the beginning of the play. This quote explains the extent of her control over her husband, â€Å"Lady Macbeth appears to be somehow in league with evil and Macbeth its victim, a fly in the spider’s web who struggles mightily but cannot escape† (Johnson). She manipulates her husband to get him to do what she wants. When she learns of his destiny to become king, she can’t just let him sit around waiting on it to happen; she knows he has to act. She tells Macbeth he has to kill king Duncan and overrides his objections. Lady Macbeth tries to commit the mu... ...to live, has more autonomy than Lady Macbeth who could only persuade. Both of these women are extremely strong and independent, which makes it very difficult to decide between them. In the end though, Edna is the more autonomous because she held her beliefs until the very end. Lady Macbeth let her ideas get the better of her and felt the guilt of these ideas. So in conclusion, Edna is the more autonomous woman out of the two. Both women were strong and brave for being different in a time when being different was not acceptable. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. The Awakening. New York: Dover Publications, 1993. Print. Dominic, Catherine C. ed. Shakespeare’s Characters for Students. Detroit: 1997. Print. Johnson, Vernon Elso. ed. Social Issues in Literature. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2009. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Logan, IA: Perfection Learning, 2004. Print.

Legal Strikes and Illegal Strikes Under Labor Law

Q1. Legal strikes and illegal strikes are dramatically different in terms of how they are viewed in Labour Law. Discuss. (5 marks) Section 1 (1) of the Labour Relations Act, 1995 defines â€Å"a strike as a cessation of work, a refusal to work or to continue to work by employees in combination or in concert or in accordance with a common understanding, or a slow-down or other concerted activity on the part of employees designed to restrict or limit output†.According to the â€Å"Labour Relations Act, 1995† the strikes are legal only if some preconditions are met such as the collective agreement must have expired, a strike vote must have been held and 50% of the members are in favour of the strike, and a conciliation officer must have been appointed. All the employees covered under Labour Relations Act, 1995 are not lawfully permitted to strike e. g. ospitals, and nursing homes and Toronto Transit Commission do not have the right to strike. Some departments like fire fig hters and police are not subject to the above-discussed law and have their own legislations. If a union is not adhering the law the strike can be charged as illegal and the participants are subject to discipline. The employer can request the board for cease immediately and if the orders are disobeyed, court injunction can occur.The breech of court orders can result in fines and jail sentences and employers can also sue the individuals or unions for the damages. The union leaders can be charged and held responsible for the consequences of the strike. Considering the differences of legal and illegal strike, as defined above by law, it can be argued that legal strikes and illegal strikes are dramatically different in terms of how they are viewed in Labour Law. Question 2: How should Bob begin to address this situation? (5 marks)Bob Graham a newly appointed Labour Relation Manager has been directed by the management to get rid of the chief union steward Peter who is known for absenteeis m (missed over 100 shifts), coming late to work (53 times), do not advise his supervisor about being absent (25 occasions), low performance at work, breath smells of alcohol on a regular basis (serious infraction), unpredictable mood swings and disruptive behavior to entire workforce. The complaints have been made by the employees to the management about Peter’s bsenteeism, attitude and performance but all in vain. Employees who habitually absent from work or come late are subject to discipline. Absenteeism in the plant averages six shifts a year whereas, Peter has missed one hundred shifts which is way more than the plant average therefore should be subject to discipline with a series of warnings and ultimately should be discharged. Although there are several concrete evidences and complaints about Peter’s misconduct at the workplace, his disciplinary record is clear.The reason for this, described in the case study, is very obvious, management views Peter as someone t o fear, as the company occurred a hefty financial loss as a result of a successful illegal strike lead by him. Bob is in a very critical position as he is new to the organization and that there is no record of Peter’s misconduct at the workplace. He has not been issued any verbal or written warnings. Therefore he should be very careful in whatever actions he take against Peter.He should start an official, fair and objective investigation against Peter and should involve other senior management members too. The major issue faced by Bob is that apart from the clear evidences of Peter’s misconduct in the workplace there are no disciplinary reports against him. Bob should first develop a relationship of trust with the employees in the organization as a credible HR manager. Bod in normal situation would consult union steward and Peter’s immediate supervisor to discuss the issue. As Peter is the union steward, it can be hard for him to involve union effectively.Theref ore he should keep the evidences like his attendance, his behavior with others and should conduct interviews with the employees who have been complaining about his behavior and have substantial amount of documentary evidences by taking as many witnesses as possible. Because Peter is the chief steward of the union and has been occurring substantial financial losses to the company, it is worth hiring a third party to do the investigation for Bob. After he is collected concrete evidence against him, he should conduct an interview with Peter in the presence of another senior management member and address the issues.Peter should be given verbal warning followed by the written warnings. He can repeat the written warnings if required so that the disciplinary action can be escalated to the next level. If Peter finally does not correct his behavior, which most likely seems to be the case, he should be suspended without pay fro 1 to 5 days. After that if he still does not change his behavior, he is subject to be terminated with cause. Question 3: If Peter is discharged, what arguments would the company lawyer use at arbitration? (10 marks)If the management decides to discharge Peter, he using his power will take the disciplinary action to attribution where the union will try to show that management did not have cause to the disciplinary action against Peter. Company lawyer in this case should have real evidences against peter so that management can attempt to prove how the action taken was crucial for business. Peter committed some serious offences like drinking at the workplace and the clear disciplinary record the he has â€Å"irreparably damaged the employment relationship with the employer† (Module 5).The contract between an employee and employer, which says that employee will carry out tasks according to the directions given and would adhere the established standards personally and professionally in return of the payment he gets from employer. The lawyer sho uld talk about management rights in collective agreement, which outlines that the management has the right to fire the employees who are subject to discipline and poor performance to run the business smoothly. The lawyer should provide the substantial documentations Bob prepared while investigation and warning stage.The lawyer should also emphasize if discipline is a required function on the management’s mandate to preserve stability in the workplace. Talking within the context of discipline the argument should be made by the lawyer about how Peter’s absenteeism significantly and progressively exceeded the plant average and that the behavior was not altered by him after a series of communication with him in making an effort to close the gap between his performance and the established standards of the organizations.While highlighting the causes of discharge such as, 100 missed shifts, 53 late arrivals and 25 occasions of not advising the supervisor of his absence, the a rgument should also be made about as to how Peter was able to influence management using his power not to make a report on his disciplinary record. Considering his involvement in the serious infractions such as drinking at the workplace and harassing the co-workers psychologically it can be argued that his actions did not meet the mandatory standards established by the organization. No formal apology by Peter to the management can also be a significant argument for the company lawyer.As defined in module 5 â€Å"Discipline can include termination with cause for serious infractions or infractions which have followed lengthy disciplinary records†, Peter is subject to both which provides a logical cause to the action taken against him. Q 4. What arguments would the union lawyer make in response? (10 marks) The work record, seniority, age, re-employability, company rules, duty to accommodate, the economic climate and his reputation as a union leader will be the key arguments by t he union lawyer in response to the company lawyer.Peter’s seniority and clean disciplinary record suggests that the union lawyer has a strong argument to make. Peter’s length of service with the company would provide the union lawyer an edge over the company lawyer as in the union-represented workplaces senior employees have significant rights and seniority derives almost all of the decisions to reduce bias. Peter’s seniority is complemented with the clean disciplinary record over the period of his job that puts the union lawyer in a strong position. Peter’s age and economic conditions in the industry he works in provide a strong argument.According to the case study â€Å"Peter Frost is a 52 year old maintenance mechanic with 25 years service in a construction materials plant in western Mississauga†. According to the statistic provided on bureau of labour website the maintenance mechanics’ jobs are subject to change frequently and adaption t o new sophisticated machinery is crucial. The increased automation and new computer controlled machines in the plants can result in less demand for old workers who got their training years back and were unable to update their skills.Peter perfectly fits in this scenario, as he is working in the industry for a long time and doesn’t seem like he as been going for new training considering his attitude to work. Therefore his re-employability is an issue considering the external environment of the industry. The fact that Peter is a known union leader for conducting successful illegal strikes can also affect his re-employability. Company rules also put the union lawyer in a favorable position.The clean disciplinary record of Peter advocates that the organization does not have the history of enforcement of disciplinary actions, the past practices and the publication of rules is poor. If the disciplinary rules and procedures were in place and were practiced the management would have been warned Peter of infractions as they occurred, and also the â€Å"Discipline in the labour relations field is foremost rehabilitative rather than punitive†(Module 4). If Peter admits he is addict to alcohol the company has the duty to accommodate under the Ontario Human Rights Code.It can be logically argued on this base that peter’s addiction is a disease/ disability and he is covered under the terms of the Duty to Accommodate provisions of the Code (Module 5). Question 5: What criteria would an arbitrator use to decide the case and what decision would likely be made? (20 marks) In this discharge case the arbitrator has the ultimate right to support the discharge of Peter, dismiss his discharge or adjust the discipline to something less than a discharge for example an extended suspension without pay.In situations like this, it is usually up to the company and union lawyers as to how they present and support the information they provide to the arbitrator. However t he decisions made by arbitrator in the past and set examples are also the majour contributors in the decisions made by an arbitrator (Module 5). The literature about the previous cases reveals that an arbitrator typically considers the severity of infraction, the work record, seniority, age, re-employability of the employee and the company rules, duty to accommodate, the economic climate before making any decisions.In this case both the union lawyer and the company lawyer have provided some logical arguments to defend them, which makes it very difficult to predict what decision the arbitrator would most likely to make. The comparison of both parties’ arguments and the past decisions of the arbitrators would help to anticipate the decision the arbitrator would make about Peter’s discharge case. The company lawyer made a solid argument about the seriousness of the offences made by Peter such as drinking at the workplace.Where as the union lawyer made a logical argument t o defend peter, he highlighted that if Peter admits that he is alcoholic or drug addict which is considered to be a disease and a disease is a disability the employer considering the Duty to Accommodate Provisions of the Code is bound to accommodate Peter through appropriate means rather than discharge. The company lawyer made an argument about peters progressive absenteeism and poor performance over the period of 4 years.Talking within the context of discipline the argument was made by the lawyer about how Peter’s absenteeism significantly and progressively exceeded the plant average and the gap between his performance and the established standards of the organizations. Peter’s seniority is complemented with the clean disciplinary record over the period of his job was highlighted by the union lawyer in response. The absence of any disciplinary charges on Peter’s record provided the union lawyer an edge over the company lawyer.The lawyer argued about management rights in collective agreement, which says that management has the right to fire the employees who are subject to discipline and poor performance to run the business smoothly. The union lawyer raised an issue of company rules he argued that the clean disciplinary record of Peter advocates that the organization does not have the history of enforcement of disciplinary actions, the past practices and the publication of rules is poor.The lack of communication history between Peter and the management in the previous years did put the company lawyer in an awkward position, as the discipline in the labour relations field is primarily rehabilitative and not punitive. The company lawyer talked about how Peter’s behavior was interfering with other employees but the evidences did not back that as his record was clear and there was a not substantial document available from previous years.The union lawyer in this case seems to have an upper hand over the company lawyer as he argued about Peter’s seniority, age, re-employability the economic condition, the external environment of the industry which are the majour issued the arbitrator would consider while making the decision. The union lawyer had thoroughly researched the criteria the arbitrators use to make decision and has made argument about how the charges against peter are not well supported by the evidences. Arbitrators made the decisions based on the evidences provided by the both parties.The examples of the documentation could be the documentations, videos and witnesses. The lack of these evidences from the company lawyer suggests that Peter is most like to get away with the situation and the decision might be made in his favour than the company. Q 6. How does the situation change if Peter admits he is an alcoholic? (10 marks) If peter admits he is an alcoholic he would have an upper hand over the company. According to the Ontario Human Rights Code the employer has the duty to accommodate the employees who have disabilities.The union lawyer can make a logical argument to defend peter if he admits that he is alcoholic or drug addict which is considered to be a disease and a disease is a disability therefore considering the Duty to Accommodate Provisions of the Code employer is bound to accommodate Peter through appropriate means rather than discharge (Module 5). According to the interpretation of the act the organization must establish that Peter’s disability (consuming alcohol while working) interferes with the rights of other co-workers.The clear disciplinary record of Peter over the length of his job makes it difficult to prove that his behavior has been seriously interfering the right s of other employees. The code says that the employers should accommodate the minor interference or inconveniences if the employee take initiative and request for accommodation. If peter explains why he is asking for accommodation the company is obliged to asses the need of accommodation b ased on the needs of Peter’s colleagues.Peter however is required to apply for the accommodation in writing providing enough time for employer to respond and the company is required to response within reasonable time. If Peter is flexible and realistic the company should considers alternatives than discharge Peter as guided by the Ontario Human Rights Code. According to the case study, there are â€Å"persistent rumours from other employees and supervisors that Peter’s breath smells of alcohol on a regular basis† however there is no evidence of that as his disciplinary record is clear.This puts Peter in a good position to request for the accommodation from employer as the law allows him to do so. Therefore based on the evidences discussed above it can be logically argued that if Peter, in accordance with law, admits that he is an alcoholic it is very likely that he will take advantage of the law as he is an experiences union steward. References: http://www. bls. gov/ooh/installation-maintenance-and-repair/industrial-machinery-mechanics-and-maintenance-workers. htm#tab-6 ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. labour. gov. on. ca/english/lr/faqs/lr_faq3. php#what1

Abortion Should Stay Legal

Abortion Should Stay Legal By Ariam Abraham Professor Maria Mollinedo English 102 9 December 2011 Abstract The topic of abortion is one of the most controversial of our times. It discusses human interaction where ethics, emotions and law come together. There are different points of views towards abortion. These views can be broken down into two categories, Pro-life and Pro-choice. Everyone has their own views and opinions; despite what several people may believe, abortion is neither right nor wrong. A pro-lifer is against abortion.Pro-lifers believe that from the moment of conception, the embryo is alive and this life imposes a moral obligation to preserve it. It has a brain and a heart; therefore it also has a right to life. Religion plays a big role on pro-life. Abortion is against the Bible and most  religious people  don’t believe in it either. On the other hand  a pro-choicer would feel that the decision to abort a pregnancy is that of the mothers’; and the s tate has no right to interfere. Abortion is a women’s  own right hand choice. Women should  not be forced to have babies they don’t want or aren’t ready for.They must be able to decide what happens to them and have a safe plus legal way of doing so. Women are in control of their own bodies and lives. Legislators have no right to interfere. Abortion allows us to choose what we want for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. We have every right to choose whether we want to have an abortion or not. Religious people don’t support it but since it is their belief and decision they should not force other people to be like them. It has been proven above that all their arguments were not fully true.The reasons why women have abortions vary. It may be a case of rape,  physical or psychological condition. A choice must need to be available  to prevent the birth of unwanted children, to avoid damage to the child as  well as to safeguard the emotional and physical health of women. Abortion is a tough choice and the decision  should be a personal one, without interference of government or special  interest groups. Outline I. Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and probably for many years to come.A. Abortion is the destruction of a fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mother’s womb. B. Abortion in the United States has been legal in every state since the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, on January 22, 1973 C. There are two sides to abortion, the pro-life and prochoice. a. Pro-life are people who are against abortion. b. Pro-choice are people who support abortion. II. Religion and philosophy thinking shouldn’t affect the law of abortion. A. A fetus is not a person. B.Pro-life people shouldn’t push other people to believe their religion. C. The pro-life’s arguments against abortion are p rovn to be false. a. Women having an abortion have been decreasing since 1973. III. Abortion playes a big role in some cases. A. A pregnancy from rape is better to be avoided. B. Incest children face a lot of difficulties in being accepted by their society. C. Woman should have an abortion if her pregnancy is uncompitible with her health IV. Abortion has allowed us to choose what we want for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. A.New  laws  that are being developed make it harder and harder for women to  deal  with the problems of pregnancies. Abortion is a very controversial subject that has been continually argued over for the past few years and probably for many years to come. The main controversy is should abortion be legalized? Before we get to the answer, let’s first define the word abortion. According to Tom Head â€Å"Abortion is the international terminology of a pregnancy after conception. It allows women to put an end to their pregnan cies, but involves killing the undeveloped embryo or fetus† (1).This destruction of a fetus or unborn child while the child is still in the mother’s womb can be done by almost anyone from the mother herself to even to abortionist by clinics set up especially for this purpose. Since abortion involves killing a fetus, it is considered as a sensitive subject to discuss, because every person around the world have a different view and opinion about it. As history tells us â€Å"Abortion in the United States has been legal in every state since the United States Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade, on January 22, 1973† (Lewis 1).Since then, there have been many debates among the citizens whether the law is right or wrong. There are two sides to this abortion topic the pro-life, which are those who are against abortion, and the pro-choice are those who believe it is the woman’s right to choose if she wants to have an abortion or not. These two groups offer diffe rent solutions to a problem. The pro-life solution is to have the child and basically live with it. They believe abortion is not an answer. The pro-choice solution is abortion because of reasons they feel are appropriate.Although abortion is morally and ethically wrong, should it be legal for victims of rape or incest who have no other alternative? To see the Americans view on abortion, a popular TV channel in the United States did a survey on over 1133 people over the age of 18 in 2004. Generally, 57 percent in this ABCNEWS poll say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, while 43 percent voted against it. I will point out the argumentative reasons for abortion to stay legalized through out the paper.Many famous and respected people have talked about abortion, like  Mother Teresa who was the winner of Nobel Prize for Peace in 1979. She argues, â€Å"If we accept that a mother can kill even her own child, how can we tell other people to not kill each other? Any country tha t accepts abortion is not teaching its people to love, but to use any violence to get what they want† (Barbier and Goree 98). Since Mother Teresa was very religious women what she said make sense but I totally disagree with what she said. Killing a fetus is not the same as killing a person.The word â€Å"murder† is often used by pro-lifers to describe abortion. Murder means  deliberate and unjustified killing of another person   containing intent. How can anybody see an evil intent in a woman's decision  to interrupt pregnancy if it is a result of rape or incest? A woman cannot  bear the thought of having a child that would be a constant reminder of  what had happened on such and such a day, such and such number of years ago. She doesn't want to kill a baby; she wants to interrupt the growth of an  embryo so that it will not become a baby. She interrupts potential life. But potential life is just that, potential.There's an argument until these days that a fe tus is a person that is indistinguishable from the rest of us and that it deserves rights equal to women's. On this question there is a tremendous spectrum of religious, philosophical, scientific, and medical opinion. It's been argued for centuries. Fortunately, our society has recognized that each woman must be able to make this decision, based on her own conscience. To impose a law defining a fetus as a person, granting it rights equal to or superior to a woman’s thinking, feeling, conscious human being is arrogant and absurd.It only serves to diminish women. A fetus is like a body part in women’s body not an individual person and can only be recognized as a person since the day it is born. It is not registered as a citizen in the government’s book and is not even considered as existing person. So killing a fetus can be called as getting rid of a body part. And, it is not the government’s duty to teach the citizens how to love. People learn about love f rom their parents, from their religion and relatives and society. Government cant build a law based on how it is going to affect the behavior of the citizens.It is like we can’t have a war because it is not nice to kill people. What if another country attacks us? Are we going to sit and wait until we die? We should protect out country and our selves and the same goes with abortion, we have to protect ourselves if we see harm is coming to us. On the other hand, Abortion is a difficult issue when it is viewed from a religious point  of view. On one hand there is the Commandment against murder, which begs  the question of whether a fetus is a human or not. There is a passage in  the Bible, which deals specifically with the act of causing   woman to  abort a pregnancy. In Exodus 21:22-25 we read:   † And if men struggle and  strike a woman with child so that she has a miscarriage, yet there is no  further injury, he shall be fined as the woman's husband may demand of him,  and he shall pay as the judges decide. But if there is any further injury,  then you shall appoint as a penalty life for life, eye for eye, tooth for  tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, bruise  for bruise†( New Revised Standard Version, Exodus 21:22). In this passage we find a woman losing her child by being stuck by men who are fighting.Rather than it being a capital offense,  however it is looked as a civil matter, with the father – to – be taking  the participants to court for a settlement. But, as we read on, if the  woman is killed, a â€Å"life for a life,† then the men who killed her shall be  killed. Some have claimed that the life for a life part is talking about  the baby, but in this passage we also read, â€Å"Tooth for a tooth†. Fetuses/babies do not have teeth when they are born. Thus we can see that  if the baby is lost, it does not require a death sentence – it is not  considered murder. But if the woman is lost, it is considered murder and  is punished by death.I do not want to say that abortion is Biblical, but I  just want to show that there can be arguments on both sides and a judgment  against people in God's name should be stopped. As we have seen above every individual have their own opinion on abortion, depending on their religion and beliefs. If the pro- life group doesn’t support abortion they don’t have to do it. The law doesn’t force you to have abortion in any case. So people against abortion due to their religions or beliefs shouldn’t protest against abortion because it is their personal preference. Religious ideology is no foundation for any law.Freedom of religion is guaranteed to any citizen in the United States, so why would the beliefs and values of one religion mandate actual laws for all citizens? It would be unfair, unjust and  immoral. We do not have laws against eating fish, nor do we have laws that declare it is legal to sell one’s daughter, rape someone, or keep a person as slave -all things that are promoted in religious text. There are also few pro-life people that claim women are using abortion as a birth control. By that they mean women are going to be irresponsible and will have unprotected sex since abortion is legal.This is proven to be untrue by Ms Heather Boonstra. She is a Senior Public Policy Associate in the Guttmacher Institute's Washington, DC. On the article Abortion in Women’s Lives that she published in 2006 she states, â€Å"from time to time the number of women having abortion is decreasing † (3). Here is here summarized graph. [pic] As we can see in the graph the number of women having abortion has been going down since 1981, which proves that women are using abortion in special cases not as birth control. Other than that, abortion plays a big role in some special cases.We don’t hear it that often but t here is sexual intercourse between two people called incest. In definition â€Å"Incest is sexual intercourse between close relatives that is illegal in the jurisdiction where it takes place and is conventionally considered a taboo. The term may apply to sexual activities between: individuals of close ‘blood relationship’; members of the same household; step relatives related by adoption or marriage; and members of the same clan or lineage† (Stritof). Even though it is between families it can be taken as sexual harassment if it is between an adult and an under age.It is not accepted in out society. People consider it as the nastiest thing that human being would do. If by any chance someone becomes a victim of incest, their family and friends will isolate them for their rest of their lives. Likewise, when a girl is raped, she feels dreadful. The trauma of being raped could break her down and make her depressed and that is only the beginning. After she gets raped, in her own eyes, she has no respect or self-esteem for herself and then comes the embarrassment. Her reputation in the society will be damaged permanently and everyone will look down upon her.Even her own family's reputation will be tainted. If she is forced to carry an unwanted pregnancy, the result is unwanted children. After the unwanted baby is born, the childhood that he will get will not be the best one because of how it was originated. At home, the raped woman would not be a good mother and would be cruel to the baby. Therefore, because of this abnormal type of childhood, when the child grows up and becomes a teenager, he will often turn to crime and be involved in gangs and drugs. For example, 40% of African-American kids grow up by a single mother due to unplanned sex or poverty.And 20% of those kids drop out in middle school (Hanson 141). Once a kid stops going to school he or she have a high chance of doing illegal things in order to get money. They are among society's mo st tragic cases, often uncared-for, unloved, brutalized, and abandoned. Those children have a very strong chance of getting hurt or getting arrested or in a worse case scenario, be killed. All this could be prevented if the mother was allowed to get an abortion early on and she would not have to face all the shame and embarrassment for herself and her family. This is not good for children, for families, or for the country.Children need love and families who want and will care for them. Therefore, women who are raped or victims of incest should not be forced to carry out a pregnancy. Odds are that 1 in 3 women will be victims of sexual violence in her lifetime (Mahkorn and Dolan182). Does that mean that 33% of all women should be forced to carry out a pregnancy from this violation? Those people always don’t tell that they have been in that situation until the woman becomes pregnant and all her relatives find out. The baby they have is going to go through a lot since he is born between two family members.Isolation, bulling, and it is most possible that he will involve in illegal medicines or drags just to put himself in the mood since he is most of the time unhappy. These are few of the bad things the child will face, as he got older. This poor baby will have a lot of problems just because of his parents made a mistake. Why would their child take the punishment for what his parents did? Abortion is the only choice here. Many would argue that these women could endure the pregnancy, spending nearly a year of her life simply re-living the rape and its effects over and over again, to give up a baby at the end of it for adoption.However, we all are aware of the fact that there are millions of unwanted children awaiting adoption as we speak who remain unclaimed; in fact, UNICEF estimates that there are 210 million orphans in the world right now. If they have no one willing to be their parent or guardian, why would another baby have a better chance? In other wor d abortion will help in decreasing world’s population. Similarly, World health organization posted an interesting article about women and pregnancy saying, â€Å"Every minute, at least one woman dies from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth – that means 529 000 women a year.In addition, for every woman who dies in childbirth, around 20 more suffer injury, infection or disease – approximately 10 million women each year† (10). It is shocking that a lot of women die during pregnancy. People against abortion think that a woman must have the baby once she is pregnant, but that is ridiculous. There are many women in a situation that they can’t have a baby. Women have to avoid pregnancy if she has some kind of diseases that gets worse with pregnancy, because it could affect her health or the baby’s health.For example a breast cancer women-getting chemotherapy should not get pregnant because she does not know the effect of chemotherapy on the outcome for the fetus. In this case if a women gets pregnant accidentally she should think about her health first and her baby’s health second, and have an abortion before the fetus gets older. Most people now agree that if the mother's life is in danger abortion  is acceptable. It seems unreasonable to let both die when one can be saved. There are many  other situations in which abortion can be morally  justified. One thing is obvious.These pregnancies were not planned and  they are unwanted. Children born to these mothers are â€Å"biological  accidents†. In my opinion it is sinful to bring innocent and defenseless  children into the world when they  will not be cared for. All over the  globe these are children starving, being raped, dying, being beaten up  because they’re unwanted. They suffer abuses from which they never  recover. Medical researchers also show that unwanted children whose mothers  refused an abortion suffer from serious psychological disturbances  throughout their life (Morgentaler, 52).Another reason why I believe that availability of choice is vital for  women is that if a woman decides to have an abortion, she will do anything to end her pregnancy. This is the reality. There is no such thing as a one hundred-per cent effective contraceptive which of course results in  unwanted pregnancies. From the illegal days we know many ways in which  women aborted themselves. Many women would introduce caustic detergent  substances into themselves,  producing major burns of the vaginal wall and   systemic poisoning.Others would insert a tablet of potassium, which led to  serious lesions. Number of women tried to dislodge their pregnancies by  introducing knitting needles, coat hangers, or other metal or wooden  objects into their uteruses. Some women threw themselves down flights of  stairs, and some pumped air into the uterus by means of a small pump used  to blow up bicycle tires. Illegal abortions were performed by people with  no or little  medical knowledge, in back rooms, in a non-hygienic  environment. All this led to tremendous number of deaths but did not stop  the abortions.Anyone who thinks that outlawing abortion makes abortion go  away is a fool. It makes it dangerous and it makes it shameful. Women  will always get abortions. And if we are truly concerned about human life  and if this is not just a hollow slogan for us we should make abortion safe  and clean procedure instead of trying to make women feel guilty. Additionally, making abortion legal can decrease illegal abortion. Let’s look. The following chart was used on the floor of the US Senate during the tumultuous debate on abortion in 1981. It was compiled from official U. S. tatistics. As we can see on the graph, abortion was first legalized on 1967 and we can clearly see that after that year the line started to drop sharply which shows that the death of women due to illegal abortion decreased. Simply, Laws against abortion do not stop abortion; they simply make it less safe. The number of women who get abortions does not change when it goes from being legal to illegal, or vice versa. The only thing that changes is more women die. [pic] Opponents of abortion seem to think that women who choose to have  abortions typically do so thoughtlessly.They do not know that a decision  in itself is already agonizing  and a very painful thing for women. But  can you really understand the issue of abortion unless you have been in the  situation of possibly having one? What some people do not seem to  understand is that abortion is not an easy way out. This issue concerned  with badness, and if there is badness there is bitterness and worseness. Woman herself has to make a decision, on which is which. Many people try to  force their beliefs on others and judge them for their actions. These  people need to judge themselves before they start to judge others.There is a question that should be answered. Should government be involved in personal matters such as abortion? In my opinion government should not interfere with citizens personal problems. Having an abortion is the same as having a kidney surgery. Once a doctor tells you in what condition your kidney is, it is your decision to have a surgery depending on what the doctor said. Even your kidney is in the worst condition you still have a choice to stay without medication. That doesn’t consider as a suicide by the law. It also goes the same with abortion.Would you allow the government to tell you if you could have a kidney transplant or a blood transfusion? Of course not, the fact that we even consider, let alone allow, governments to regulate a medical procedure is both illogical and foolish. Depending on your health, your baby’s health, and your baby’s future you should have the right to decide weather you want to have an abortion or not. Therefore my theory is that people who spend so much time, energy, and money on anti-abortion campaigns should instead spend it on the precious children they say need saving so much—the ones who are alive and parentless.Imagine if all the funds spent on all those billboards and flyers and campaigns were instead either spent adopting or donating to places that are overrun with orphaned children, perhaps some actual credibility would be given to these people who claim to love children so much. Also, there is the fact of the matter of the more than one million homeless youth in America alone. The number one factor for a child being homeless is physical or sexual abuse at home. Perhaps these child-lovers should step in and care for these already-born children as well. If those people really want to stop abortion, they should turn to methods that  do  work.These include comprehensive sex education and safe, affordable contraceptives. Unfortunately, as illogical as it sounds, the people who are most against abortion are also often most against these preventative measures. If they truly wanted to reduce the number of abortions that occur, they would embrace these methods. Additionally, if the Supreme Court ever declared abortion illegal, only the poor will be adversely affected. The rich will purchase a round-trip ticket to one of the European Countries, have an abortion there and return. The poor, do not have enough sometimes even to ay for the bus fare to go downtown. The impact of such a law would be disproportionate. This is in fact what happened before 1973 (before Roe), when abortion was illegal. We must learn from history otherwise we are condemned to repeat it. People who oppose abortion do so usually on religious and moral grounds. They can continue with their moral standards, no one is asking them to have an abortion in the event of rape or incest or some other medical reason. We just ask to be let alone. There is nothing more private to a woman then the right to regulate her own fertility and no one has a right to tell her otherwise.Not in U. S. A. not in this land of the free which guarantees individual and constitutional rights? Choice is a constitutional right, the Supreme Court says so. Michael Monahan is the author of non-profit organization called the Heritage House and in is article â€Å"Illegal Abortion† he says, â€Å"I’d still worry that if you forbid abortion, it will just go back to back-alley but butchery and lots of mothers dying. † (1). I totally agree with him, stopping abortion will be a totally disaster and we will see more death of women due to illegal abortions.As I mentioned through out the paper, abortion should be the mother and the father choice to do, not the law or the government, because it is important when the mother can have a baby due to health problem, when the baby have no future, when a pregnancy occurs under a circumstances that is not accepted on the society ETC. N ew  laws  that are being developed make it harder and harder for women to  deal  with the problems of pregnancies. If  laws  were adapted leaving the choice up to the families of the newly conceived, it would make their lives and their choices a lot easier.My personal belief is that each woman should have a right to decide  whether she wants to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. For reasons of  women's right to self-determination, protection of their health,  adequate  care of children which are born and in order to prevent child abuse and  mental disease, easy access to abortion is a must. Most abortions occur  because contraception failed, because of a rape or because of a serious  medical condition  of the mother, which could lead to her death. In these  situations abortion is often the only way that prevents the birth of an  unwanted child or saves a mothers life.We have seen that abortion is really important to the society. It has allowed us to cho ose what we want for ourselves, and it also helps us to follow family planning. We have every right to choose whether we want to have an abortion or not. Religious people don’t support it but since it is their belief and decision they should not force other people to be like them. It has been proven above that all their arguments were not fully true. The reasons why women have abortions vary. It may be a case of rape,  physical or psychological condition.A choice must need to be available  to prevent the birth of unwanted children, to avoid damage to the child as  well as to safeguard the emotional and physical health of women. Preservation of life seems to be rather a slogan than a genuine goal of the  anti-abortion forces; what they really want is control. Control over our  behavior and power over women. Abortion is a tough choice and the decision  should be a personal one, without interference of government or special  interest groups. Losing safe and legal a bortion would mean reducing women  to childbearing vessels.It would mean turning our backs on the  technology we have, and it will also devalue women as independent human  beings. It would bring more meaningless deaths from the illegal and self-  induced abortions and more pain for women. Works Cited Barbier, Jean, and Georges Goree. Mother Teresa: The Love of Christ. New York: Harper ; Row, 1982. Print. Boonstra, Heather. Key Questions for Consideration as a New Federal Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative is Implemented. 1st. ed. 13. Washington DC: Guttmacher Policy Review, 2010. Print. Hanson T. , McLanahan, S. and Thomson, E. (1996).Double Jeopardy: Parental Conflict and Stepfamily Outcomes for Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(1): 141-154. Print. Head, Tom. â€Å"What is Abortion? † Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Abortion History† Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Mahkorn ; Dolan, â€Å"Sexual Assault & Pregnancy. † In  New Perspectives on Human Abortion,  University Publisher of Amer. , 1981, pp. 182-199 Monhan, Michael. Illegal Abortion. Web. Morgentaler, Henry. Abortion and Contraception. 1st ed. Beaufort Books, 1982. Print. Stritof, Bob. Prohibited Marraige. Web. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, New Revised Standard Version.Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. WHO. District Planning Tool for Maternal and Newborn Health Strategy Implementation. 6-13. Print. Bibliography Barbier, Jean, and Georges Goree. Mother Teresa: The Love of Christ. New York: Harper ; Row, 1982. Print. Boonstra, Heather. Key Questions for Consideration as a New Federal Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative is Implemented. 1st. ed. 13. Washington DC: Guttmacher Policy Review, 2010. Print. CNN – Obama: Pro-choice, Not Pro-Abortion Ad [Video]. (2008). 12 Nov. 2011 Hanson T. , McLanahan, S. and Thomson, E. (1996).Double Jeopardy: Parental Conflict and Stepfamily Outcomes fo r Children. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 58(1): 141-154. Print. Head, Tom. â€Å"What is Abortion? † Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Lewis, Jone. â€Å"Abortion History† Web. 10 Dec. 2011. Mahkorn ; Dolan, â€Å"Sexual Assault & Pregnancy. † In  New Perspectives on Human Abortion,  University Publisher of Amer. , 1981. Print. Monhan, Michael. Illegal Abortion. Web. Morgentaler, Henry. Abortion and Contraception. 1st ed. Beaufort Books, 1982. Print. Reagan, L. J. When Abortion was a Crime, Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973.Univ of California Pr, 1999. Print. Sproul, R. C. Abortion, a Rational Look at an Emotional Issue. Reformation Trust Publishing, 2010. Print. Stritof, Bob. Prohibited Marraige. Web. 24 November 2011. The New Oxford Annotated Bible: With the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, New Revised Standard Version. Michael D. Coogan, editor. New York: Oxford UP, 2001. Print. WHO. District Planning Tool for Maternal and Newborn Health Strategy Implementation. 6-13. Print. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. â€Å"Abortion† Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 22 July 2004. Web. 10 Aug. 2011