Changes of Hester Prynne in Hawthornes Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

In Nathanial Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, the reader meets the character Hester Prynne who as the novel progresses, one notices the changes in her character are very dramatic. The changes are both physical and in her mannerism’s. There are many significant events which took place before the start of the novel and during the novel. Some of these events that lead to this dramatic change include the affect of wearing the scarlet letter, the secrets which she keeps, and her daughter Pearl’s evil characteristics. By these events, Hester Prynne’s image is transformed throughout the time of the story. As Hester wears the scarlet letter, the reader can feel how much of an outcast Hester becomes. When walking through town, â€Å"†¦she never raised her head to receive their greeting. If they were resolute to accost her, she laid her finger on the scarlet letter and passed on† (Hawthorne, 127).She believes that she is not worthy of the towns acknowledgments and chooses to ignore them. The guilt that now rests in Hester is overwhelming to her and is a reason of her change in personality. The secrets which Hester keeps are because she is silent and hardly talks to anyone. â€Å"Various critics have interpreted her silence†¦ as both empowering†¦ and disempowering†¦ Yet silence, in Hester’s case, offers a type of passive resistance to male probing† (Elbert, 258). One may refer back to the scene at the beginning when Reverend Wilson is trying to get the name of the other sinner. As Hester refuses, one may see this as a foreshadowing for other events. Hester is a strong woman who would not tell a soul the secrets that interconnect Dimmesdale and Chillingworth. The secrets however begin to take a toll of Hester especially as Chillingworth comes to town and is dying to know who the father of Pearl is. As a living reminder of Hester’s extreme sin, Pearl is her constant companion. From the beginning Pearl has always been considered as an evil child. For Hester to take care of such a demanding child, put lots of stress onto her life. Hester at times was in a state of uncontrollable pressure. â€Å"Gazing at Pearl, Hester Prynne often dropped her work upon her knees, and cried out with an agony which she would fain have hidden, but which made utterance for itself, betwixt speech and a groan, ‘O Father in heaven- if Thou art still my Father- what is this being which I have brought into the world!’† (Hawthorne, 77).

Racism In Sports And Its Impact On Managers And Coaches

ABSTRACT This paper explores on racism in British sports. It will consider the extent to which racism in sports continues to prevail and the impact that racism may have on a sports coach or manager. This will include a brief review of the history of British sports, in particular, the presence of ethnic diversity in the British society and the involvement of this diversity in British sports. The paper will also examine the main currents of sociological thought which have informed research in this field. It will consider some of the common perceptions of sports in the discussion of racism in sports and argue against the notion of any one body of thought being viewed as universal. The paper will point out that Success in sports is a result of a complex interplay of factors including motivation and access to opportunities and that the physiological differences between races have very little bearing on the performance of the individual. INTRODUCTION Sport is often known to many people as a place where normal problems of the â€Å"real† world cease to exist. Many believe the sports world to be a model of race relations. Through display via the television and any other media coverage, it is seen by most fans that it doesn’t matter whether one is black or white, what matters in the playing field is one’s ability. Hence, sport is seen by many as a paradigm of how an integrated society should look (Bradley 2006). However, a closer look at sports reveals that this idyllic picture is misleading. Although majority of the players in professional sports are the African-Americans, this doesn’t imply absence of racism. For example, the African -Americans are underrepresented in administrative ranks and coaching (Jarvie & Reid 1997). Also some popular arguments serve to contribute to prejudices, myths and stereotypes about different racial groups hence leading to their discrimination. In this analysis we explore on the extent to which racism in sports continues to prevail and the impact that racism may have on a sports coach or manager. We shall begin our analysis by defining what we mean by racism and conduct a review of the history of British sports, in particular, the presence of ethnic diversity in the British society and the involvement this diversity in British sports WHAT IS RACISM? Racism is defined as any form of discrimination which may be in the form of restriction, distinction, exclusion or preference of a group of individuals based on their race, colour, descent and ethnic origin. This has the effect of impairing or nullifying enjoyment, recognition or exercise on the same footing of fundamental rights in various fields of public life (CRE 2004). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The British society has long been characterized by ethnic diversity. This diversity is attributed to historical reasons such as invasion, expansion and the role of Britain as a haven for those fleeing from persecution (British council 2003). In order to understand the relationship between ethnicity and sport, we must first review the history of Black and Asian immigrants into the UK. The black presence in the UK can be traced back to the Roman times. During the 3rd century, a small group of the Roman army, an African division, was deployed at Hadrian’s Wall and the Blacks entering Britain were limited to a small number by the Elizabethan parliament (British council 2003). Till the mid-20th century, Immigration into ports like London, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool was limited to a small number blacks, Asians, and Chinese people (British council 2003). Blacks’ involvement in British sports was first noticed after America gained its independence (1775-1783) (British council 2003). In boxing, for example, Randolph Turpin who emerged as the world middleweight champion in 1951, following his victory over the great Sugar Ray Robinson was known to be the black boxer of the era (British council 2003). In athletics, the British Caribbean gave a name to their sprinters towards the end of the 19th century up to the late 1950’s. Cricketers too were there including Learie Constantine for Trinidad, who played between the wars in Lancashire (British council 2003). IMPACT OF POST-WAR IMMIGRATION (1945-70) After World War II, Britain experienced several waves of immigration, with 492 jamaicans migrating to Tilbury Docks in 1948 followed by the Asians and West Indians (British council 2003). By 1958, the number of West Indians and Asians in Britain were about 125000 and 55000 respectively (British council 2003). These immigrants were largely welcomed by the National Health Service, and the transport, textile and service industries in efforts to rebuild Britain’s shattered economy. A final major phase of immigration occurred during the periods between 1968 and 1974 which saw over 70,000 Kenyan and Ugandan Asians immigrating to Britain (British council 2003). By 1974, the number of Black and Asian immigrants in Britain was more than one million (British council 2003). Today, it is claimed that the official government figures for minority ethnic groups in the UK stands at around 3.3 million Britons, a figure just below 6% of the British population (British council 2003). RACIAL TENSIONS With new immigrants in Britain, accommodating them then became a major problem with most of them settling in poor and inner-city areas. Prejudice and discrimination then became a feature of the immigrant experience. With immigrants concentrated in the poor and inner-city areas, racial tensions then became a feature of the British society with areas such as Notting Hill and Nottingham having the worst riot experiences of 1958 (British council 2003). Subsequent racial tensions were later seen during the 1979 and 1985 in parts of Liverpool, Bristol, and London as well as in many poor inner-city areas (British council 2003). Up to date, verbal abuse, harassment and oppression are still features of experiences of some minorities in Britain. More insidious, are the stereotypes, racial comments and racist beliefs that continue to become prevalent in British sports. RACISM IN SPORTS Both the law and common morality require all citizens in the public sphere to be provided with equal opportunities regardless of the race, sex, gender, national origin, age, creed or disability; yet racism continue to remain a common feature of the day (Bauman 1997). Racism still remains prevalent in most fields of public life, sport is no exception. Common arguments have often suggested sports as producing prejudices, myths and stereotypes that lead to discrimination and under-representation of certain groups of individuals in sports. Racial stereotypes remain firmly rooted in sports with a popular notion that the Blacks are in general more masculine and athletic than the whites (McDonald & Birrell 1999). Their over-representation in certain sports is indicative of this and the media representation emphasizing their inherent physicality reinforces this perception. This has resulted in the view that the black and white are biologically different and that the dominance of the Blacks in certain sports is a result of their perceived genetic advantages, yet there is no convincing scientific proof of this (McDonald & Birrell 1999). These stereotypical notions do not recognize wide with-in group variations and falsely make fixed and unambiguous assumptions of biological divisions. SUBTLE RACISM IN SPORTS The tendency to providing an explanation of the success of Black in sports solely in terms of inherited factors, thereby devaluing their achievements, is indicative of subtle racism (Garland & Rowe 2001). The success of the Blacks in sports is often attributed to their physicality and a lack of cognitive endeavor while, on the other hand, the success of whites in sports is equated with dedication, intelligence, qualities of character, dependability and work ethics (Bradbury 2003). These apparent assumptions serve to reinforce some form of subtle racism in sports. REVERSE RACISM There is a general consensus that racism against the Blacks remains prevalent and that the white players rarely experience any form of racism in sports. This is however not true as there is a growing body of evidence that contradicts this belief. In fact, there are certain identity codes within the football culture that carry with it racial meanings. An illustrative example is the song â€Å"I’d rather be a paki than a scouse† which is often sung to Liverpool fans by fans from Manchester United, Chelsea and Arsenal (Back et.al. 2001). The song is directed at Merseyside fans with the intention of demoting the status of those that come from Merseyside from being a normal English society to one that is frowned upon (Back et.al. 2001). CRITICAL RACE THEORY Attempts have however been made to confront racial distinctions in the society. One of the frameworks established to challenge racism in the society is the Critical Race Theory (CRT). This framework has some utility for anti-racism in sport. CRT is an important theoretical tool that provides antiracists with a framework that challenges narrow race thinking, orthodoxies and under-theorized approaches in sport, hence strengthening their praxis in what critical race theorists view as a racist world (Hylton 2008). In simple terms, the CRT provides antiracists with a framework from which they can examine the prevalence of racism in the society where in the whites are privileged to the disadvantage of the blacks. It recognizes and acknowledges the voice of the blacks who are often marginalized in practice and mainstream policy (Hylton 2008). Two areas of convergence between anti-racists and critical race theorists are the focus on social justice and transformation. The CRT challenges institutional arrangements in sport, both present and past, that subjugate, racially discriminate and oppress (Hylton 2008). ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIVERSITY IN SPORTS As we have identified in the previous sections, there is the popular notion of the blacks as more inherently superior in physical ability than the whites. This is evident in their over-representation in high profile sports. For example, distance running is dominated by Kenyans and an African American is 28 times more likely than a white individual to reach NBA and 15 times to reach the NFL (Turner & Rasmussen 2003). The trend is also reflected within the contemporary British society where, despite accounting for less than 2% of the overall population, the Blacks dominate with at least 50% of the British athletic squad, boxing champions, and first division basketball players (Turner & Rasmussen 2003). Also, one in five professional soccer players is more likely to be an African American (Turner & Rasmussen 2003). Their overrepresentation is even more notable in athletics. Until the 1960s, most of the sprint champions came from the white group (Turner & Rasmussen 2003). Today, however, sprinting is dominated by the Blacks who hold 95% of the top times globally (Turner & Jones 2010). Majority of the gold winners at the Atlanta games of 1996 were the Blacks. Also, almost all of the runners who have broken the 10-second barrier for 100 metres have been the Blacks (Turner & Rasmussen 2003). On the contrary, however, they have underachieved in swimming relative to the whites. Inevitably, people draw conclusions from what they see, resulting in popular mythology and stereotypical views about the blacks. Research into group or individual differences have in general concentrated around the issue of nature vs nurture (Sugden & Bairner, 1999). That is, the extent to which difference between groups can be explained from the biological perspective or as a result of environmental conditions such as access and opportunity. Where emphasis is placed on the environmental factors, the assumption is that the difference can be modified. Where emphasis is on the biological factors, it is assumed that the differences are stable and unchangeable (Sugden & Bairner, 1999). However, actual evidence for genetic superiority in sports is scant and often flawed. The running superiority in Blacks has been speculated as a result of less subcutaneous fat and larger muscle mass (Daryl & David 2010). This has also been used to explain their lack of success in swimming due to buoyancy. However, had this theory of buoyancy been valid, then we would have more women superior to men, and endomorphs to ectomorphs (Daryl & David 2010). Clearly, this is not the case. In the actual sense, success can be attributed to the adaptive qualities resulting from strenuous training and cultural values (Roche 1998). There is need for an approach that recognizes that a range of factors must come into play including motivation and access to opportunities. The physiological differences between races have very little bearing on the performance of the individual. IMPACT OF RACISM ON SPORTS COACHES Racism in sports certainly creates insurmountable problems as they exert powerful influences on a person’s perception, sports coaches are no exception. For example, sports positional roles may be allocated depending on racial stereotypes. Racial stereotypes, within the sport dynamics, are apparent through stacking, a phenomenon where athletes are assigned certain playing positions by the coach based on the supposed racial attributes such as power and speed rather than actual achieved performance (Turner & Jones 2010). More often, the Blacks have been relegated to positions associated with physical rather than mental prowess, while the white athletes have been relegated leadership positions (Turner & Jones 2010). Research has shown that the stacking of the Black players to positions that emphasize physical rather than mental prowess, especially in games such as rugby and soccer, has become a common occurrence in the UK (Turner & Jones 2010). Public pronouncements of managers and coaches have tended to perpetuate crude racial stereotypes. For example, in 1993, Ron Noades-chairman of Crystal Palace at the time- made some racial remarks in an infamous television documentary about his football team which was predominantly black (Bose 1996). As quoted in Bose (1996: p.84), Ron stated that â€Å"when you are getting into midwinter in England, you need a few of the maybe hard white men to carry the artistic black players through†. While manager at Queens Park Rangers (QPR), Jim Smith was noted claiming that the black players used very little intelligence and that their success in sports was due to their sheer natural talent (Cashmore 2003). These stereotypes are further perpetuated by the media through their reporting that emphasizes on the physicality rather than qualities such as effort, courage, and intelligence. The most notable example can be seen when the tabloid press picked on Linford Christie’s photograph in a tight fitting shorts and ran a crude sexual reference to his anatomy, based on the stereotype that blacks were more masculine and physically fit than the whites (British council 2003). Racism in sports is also evident through the underrepresentation of blacks in management positions. Despite the large representation of blacks in British sports, it is apparent that management and leadership positions are rarely made available to them. Only a few of them hold management positions, for example John Barnes who was previously the Liverpool winger is now in charge of managing Celtic (British council 2003). Similarly, very few positions are made available to the Black and Asian referees, with an exception of Uriah Rennie, who is currently on the Football League list (British council 2003). CONCLUSION As identified above, racial stereotypes remain firmly rooted in sports with the popular notion that the Blacks are naturally athletic and more masculine than the whites. These stereotypical notions do not recognize wide with-in group variations and falsely make fixed and unambiguous assumptions of biological divisions. Moreover, these stereotypes are further perpetuated by the media through their reporting that emphasizes on physicality before qualities such as intelligence, courage and effort. In addition, public pronouncements of managers and coaches have tended to perpetuate crude racial stereotypes. More often, the Blacks have been relegated to positions associated with physical rather than mental prowess, while the white athletes have been relegated leadership positions. Also some popular arguments serve to contribute to prejudices, myths and stereotypes about different racial groups. Clearly, racism is still a feature of the British sports. REFERENCE Back, L., T. Crabbe and J. Solomos, 2001. The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game. Oxford: Berg Bauman, Z., 1997. Postmodernity and its Discontents. Cambridge: Polity Bose, M., 1996. The sporting alien: English sport’s lost Camelot. Edinburgh: Mainstream. Bradbury, S, 2003. Racisms and Anti-Racism in English Football. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester Bradley, J.M., 2006. Sport and the Contestation of Ethnic Identity: Football and Irishness in Scotland. â€Å"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies†, Vol 32 (7), pp. 1189-1208. British Council, 2003. Ethnicity and sport. {Viewed on 23rd February 2012}. Available from http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~rosenl/sports%20Folder/Ethnicity%20and%20Sport.pdf Cashmore, E., 2003. Encyclopedia of race and ethnic studies. London: Routledge Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), 2004. Racial Equality in Football. CRE: London Daryl, A. and R. David, 2010. Beyond Boundaries‘Race’, ethnicity and identity in sport Garland, J. & M. Rowe, 2001. Racism and Anti-Racism in Football. London: Palgrave Hylton, K., 2008. Race and sport: Critical Race Theory. Routledge: Taylor & Francis Group Jarvie, G. and I. Reid, 1997. Race relations, sociology of sport and the new politics of race and racism. Stirling, Univesity of Stirling: E& FN Spon Turner, D. and I. Jones, False startUK sprint coaches and black/white stereotypes. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire. {Viewed on 23rd February 2012} Available from https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/2407/1/900739.pdf Turner, D. and R. Rasmussen, 2003. On your marks, get stereotyped, go! Novice coaches and black stereotypes in sprinting. {Viewed on 22nd February 2012}. Available from https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/487/1/101603.pdf MacClancy. J. (ed.), 1996. Sport, Identity and Ethnicity. Oxford, Berg, pp.203. McDonald, M. and S. Birrell, 1999. ‘Reading sport critically: a methodology for interrogating Power’. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, pp.283–300. Roche, M. (ed.), 1998. Sport, Popular Culture and Identity. Aachen, Meyer & Meyer Sport, pp.224 Sugden.J and A. Bairner (eds.), 1999. Sport in Divided Societies. Aachen, Meyer & Meyer Sport, pp.234

Afro-Asian Literature - 10586 Words

1) An Incident Lu Hsun Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital. During that time I have seen and heard quite enough of so-called affairs of state; but none of them made much impression on me. If asked to define their influence, I can only say they aggravated my ill temper and made me, frankly speaking, more and more misanthropic. One incident, however, struck me as significant, and aroused me from my ill temper, so that even now I cannot forget it. It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing, but, to make a living, I had to be up and out early. I met scarcely a soul on the road, and had great difficulty in hiring a rickshaw to take me to S---- Gate. Presently the wind dropped a†¦show more content†¦Lu Xun was a fiction writer, editor, translator,critic, essayist and poet. In the 1930s he became the titular head of the Chinese League of the Left-Wing Writers in Shanghai. b) The military and political affairs of those years have forgotten as completely as the classics read in his childhood. Yet this incident keeps coming back, often more vivid than in actual life, teaching me shame, urging me to reform, and giving me fresh courage and hope. c) This was his declaration of war against China’s feudal society. 2) Karma Khushwant Singh Sir Mohan Lal looked at himself in the mirror of a first class waiting room at the railway station. The mirror was obviously made in India. The red oxide at its back had come off at several places and long lines of translucent glass cut across its surface. Sir Mohan smiled at the mirror with an air of pity and patronage. You are so very much like everything else in this country, inefficient, dirty, indifferent, he murmured. The mirror smiled back at Sir Mohan. You are a bit of all right, old chap, it said. Distinguished, efficient - even handsome. That neatly-trimmed moustache - the suit from Saville Row with the carnation in the buttonhole - the aroma of eau de cologne, talcum powder and scented soap all about you ! Yes, old fellow, you are a bit of all right. Sir Mohan threw out hisShow MoreRelatedHigh School Around The United States Is Debate Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagestopic. However, there is so much to learn from contextualizing philosophy and other types of literature from famous authors. These events in debate can encourage students to read on their own times and as well read this literature and interpret the author’s purpose. One of the most respected authors in critical literature and one of my favorites is Frank B. Wilderson III. 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The Pros And Cons Of Vaccination - 1037 Words

Introduction: If you had the choice, would you prefer a child with autism or a deceased child because you refused to vaccinate? Chances are, you would prefer to have a child with autism. There are parents who have read articles falsely linking vaccines to autism causing them to make the decision to deny vaccinations. Their refusal not only puts their child at risk, but other children surrounding them. Their denial erases the long-standing history of saving lives and the eradication of deadly diseases around the world. This also undermines the research and testing scientists have done in order to protect people. It is vital to the health of human life that we keep researching and finding new information about vaccines. Description of†¦show more content†¦Diseases such as polio, diphtheria, mumps, and measles have decreased almost to the point of extinction in first world countries over the past few generations. Smallpox has had no reported cases over the last three decades from around the world. This is all due to the mass vaccinations that happened globally resulting in children today no longer needing to receive a vaccine for it. Before that it is estimated that 500 million people were killed because of smallpox. Another major benefit of vaccinating is Herd Immunity, also called Community Immunity. This protects infants who may not yet be old enough to receive certain vaccines, pregnant woman, and an individual with an immunocompromised system. An example where an individual may have an immunocompromised system would be like a child with leukemia. This means if everyone surrounding the individual that is unable to be vaccinated, they are have greater protection from possible getting c ontagious diseases and helps prevent them from being spread. 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`` Catfish `` Directed By Henry Joost And Ariel Schulman

â€Å"Catfish† directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman documents an online relationship between Nev Schulman and Abby Pierce, an 8-year-old artist prodigy. As their communications grow Abby’s family becomes involved and Nev talks with Megan, Abby’s sister, over the phone and they develop a relationship. It turns out that Angela, Abby’s mom, is behind all the characters Nev has talked to. She is also the one who painted all the paintings Nev thought Abby had painted. The film raises asks the question, who is actually on the other side of the screen? Whereas in â€Å"Connected, but Alone?† by Sherry Turkle explores the advancement in human relationship through technology. She warns that technology can not fulfill a human s need for interaction. Both the article and the movie come together to show that physical communication is crucial to the well-being of any person; through their explanation of how our mistakes make us vulnerable, our need for tru th in relationships, and how our fear of becoming lonely is making us lonely. Human vulnerability stems from mistakes in conversation and trust comes from our vulnerability. Vulnerability in relationships comes from the mistakes that we make. Mistakes are what Turkle points to as being the reason for relationships being rich and messy (42). We make mistakes because we have to translate how we think into something that other people can understand. Communication is getting over that translation and the mistakes that we make are a part ofShow MoreRelatedThe Social Exchange Theory : Catfish, By Ariel Schulman And Henry Joost1111 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze the value of these different positives and negatives, with the hope of computing the worth behind the relationship. This line of thinking or human behavior, is dubbed the Social Exchange Theory. In the documentary Catfish, directed by Ariel Schulman and Henry Joost, Nev Schulman and â€Å"Meghan†, who Angela pretends to be, continue to grow their relationship until the cost of the dyad becomes too much for Nev to simply enjoy. This causes Nev to reconsider what this relationship means to him, beforeRead MoreHow Facebook Effects Relationships1670 Words   |  7 Pageshe cares for his significant other. Although there are many benefits of Facebook, the site can also create a lot of tension. In the film Catfish, a documentary directed by Henry Joost and Ariel Schulman, a 24-year-old photographer begins talking to a family after becoming intrigued with an 8-year-old child painter prodigy. As the main character Yaniv Nev Schulman creates a stronger bond with the family he starts to talk to the young prodigy’s older sister via text, phone calls, and of course, Facebook

Nature of Work Free Essays

Marine Biology also refers to Biological Sciences or Biological Oceanography. Marine Science is the general term for research conducted in oceans and coastal or inland waters connected to the sea. This particular field is probably the best known to the public. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature of Work or any similar topic only for you Order Now Marine Biology deals with the study of micro and living organisms such as plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria in oceans, estuaries, and other bodies of salt water. In the feild of Marine Biology you plan, participate in, and administer research programs for government experiment stations such as private research centers, manufactoring irms, and medical service industries. Tools and equipment for this career includes lab animals, X-Ray and other lab equipment, computers, spectrophotometers, collections of specimens, and a Starting no later than high school, a Marine Biologist should obtain a solid education in as many basic sciences as possible including chemistry, physics, and biology. Mathematics is essential. Plane geometry, trigonometry, solid geometry, and two years of algebra are recommended. Good English is no less important, for both written and oral reports are a big part of Marine Biology. The tudy of a foreign language, especially French, German, or Russian should begin early. Degrees in this study are offered only to college graduate students. Most entry level jobs minimally require a Bachelors degree in a natural science from an accredited college or university. Doctoral degree holders face competition for independent research positions. Those with a Bachelors degree or Masters degree in biological sciences can expect better opportunities for nonresearch In order to be a Marine Biologist or in any line of work, you have to be really dedicated to your job. This is the job I have always wanted ever since I was a little girl. I always loved the water especially the ocean. I think there is so much to discover about it and there are so many marine animals yet to be revealed. If I ever do become a Marine Biologist I either want to work in the laboratory or work in the field. I think it would be interesting to travel to different parts of oceans and discover what kind of plants and animals hide beneath the deep blue waters. Laboratory technicians and testers can acquire more education experience. They can work their way up through research ositions and may reach administrative posts in government or industry. As a rule, high paying postions of prestige go to those with a Ph. D degree and a history of successful research. C. Earnings and Working Conditions Marine Biologists may work in a laboratory, classroom, museum and industrial setting, a botanical garden or zoo, or in a field. They may either work alone or with engineers, technicians, and other scientists at various stages of research or product development. Working conditions vary with the kind of work they do. Indoor work areas may be quiet, well lighted, and air-conditioned. Those who work n laboratories or industrial settings must keep work areas very clean. Ventilation systems generally provide protection from dust, fumes, and odors. Special precautions are taken to protect those scientists who work with infectuous creatures or poisonous chemicals. While working in the field some Marine Biologists travel to coral reefs in tropical seas and ocean waters in cooler climates having to work a The earnings of a Marine Biologist are complicated. Most of these researchers recieve a salary directly from an employer. They write proposals in order to have their research ideas funded by private and overnment agencies. The quality of their results often determines whether they recieve money for future efforts, and consequently, whether they work and for how long. The salaries of a Marine Biologist comes down to each persons education, experience, and At the present time the profession of Marine Biology is one of the least crowded of the science fields. There are only a few thousand Marine Biologists in research, with less than three thousand graduates working and teaching in the United States. Since there is a limited number, opportunities in research are few and competition is stiff. How to cite Nature of Work, Papers

Healt and Social Care Communication free essay sample

When supporting service users, support workers interact differently with different people. For example, colleagues, management and the individuals themselves and their families and other communication with the different individuals may not always be smooth as expected. A lot of challenges occur when some people communicate inappropriately with others in ways that provoke or ehancating others. Thereby breaking the code of practice with denounces prejudice and discrimination. This needs to be challenged to create a safe working environment for individuals. Bernard Moss Page 68 points out that if prejudice and discrimination practices are not challenged it is one further tiny victory for intolerance and bigotry. † Challenging inappropriate interpersonal communication is central creating a safe environment for carers and individuals. Examples of inappropriate interpersonal communication issues are using offensive language when communicating. Failure to value other people’s dignity, failure to respect other peoples lives and sexual orientation, failure to respect their class and charminating people with disciplines. People in view differences in cultures differently, some embrace them as encirching to the society while others reach to them with fear, hostility and suspicion. Moss 2008 Page 69 In view of the above, various styles are employed in challenging inappropriate interpersonal communication different. Where inappropriate language is used, one could challenge this on a one on one basis lay requesting the individual to use appropriate language and rephrase their statements. This needs to be done in a firm but calm way ,which will not be provocative to the individual concerned. This however may not always be successfully done if the individual would have done so under the influence or either alcohol or drugs. In view of the above, it is important to challenge one’s use of bad language when they are not under the influence of anything. Challenging may also be done through use of body language, without even communicating verbally. This could be successfully be done between individuals who are used to each other an know that when the other reacts to situations in a given way, that way mean that they would have done would be inappropriate. This could either be gestures or other movements for example frowning moving positions standing or sitting down to remove oneself from the prosant environment or even booking away from the situation. This is supported by Argyle (1978) as cited in Tilmouth, Davis and Williams, who argue that â€Å"non-verbal communication can have as much as five times the impact of words spoken on a person’s words of understanding. † When dealing with very difficult individuals, it is important to use stronger power of them to challenge the inappropriate interpersonal communication. This could be done through reference to the organization’s policies about the matter in questions with strong emphasis on its observation while in the premises (Bernard Moss 2000). Issues that involve gross misconduct will usually require the manager to disciplinary action by calling a disciplinary meeting with the individual to challenge inappropriate interpersonal communication. This may involve another person who may be there to witness and cord the outcome. In the meeting, rules need to be outlined and observed and when necessary a follow up letter could be sent to the individual to reinforce the issues discussed. The manager needs to use appropriate and professional language to do so outlining the organizational policy with regards to the matter. Finally, as outlined above the reviewed methods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication could either be successfully done when the right styles of challenging them are employed or they could exhibit detrimental effects in both the organization and the individuals at most when ineffectively executed. 1. 4 Various strategies could be used to support service users with specific communication needs. These communication needs could be hearing problems, visual problems, physical problems, speech problems as well as learning difficulties. People could be born with partial and permanent hearing impatience. People born with no hearing at all could communicate very well by means of sign language or Maketon. Judy Richards 1999 defines sign language as â€Å"a method of communication where the hands are used to convey a message. † This means that failure to produce speech may not hinder one from communicating with other people. They could still convey messages with their hands, there and be responded to by hands in a way that they will understand. Judith Richards further identifies the British sign language as a language â€Å"in which language users make gestures involving movement of hands, arms, eyes, face, head and body to conduct a conversation. † The above notion seems to suggest that failure to hear should not be viewed as a failure to communicate. Service users could learn the language to be able to communicate with others as well as in a scholarly why. On the other hand, some people may lose their hearing during the course of their life due to age, disease or accidents that may damage their hearing. In such cases, this could be corrected by the use of hearing aids, according to US Food and Drug Administration (Protecting and Promoting your Health). www. fda. gov/MedicalDevices) Hearing aids are sound amplifying devices designed to aid people who have a hearing impairment. There are various types of hearing aids. These differ by the way they are designed, the special feature on them as well as the technology used on them to achieve the hearing aiding. Individuals could consult with their hearing aid specialist on choosing the best hearing aids to suit their specific hearing impairment. Just like with hearing impairment one could be born with vision impairment or they could sustain it during the course of their lives. Judy Richards identifies visual impairment as â€Å"disorder, dysfunctions and diseases which affect the eyes and the vision of an individual. † With permanent vision loss, individuals could be introduced to Braille, which according to Judy Richard identifies Braille as â€Å"a type of writing and printing using raised dots to represent letters which allows blind and visually impaired people to red and communicate by touch. Braille enables visually impaired individuals to gain access to facilities, learn to read and access information –for example touching the braille impressions on doors to ensure they are heading the right way. † It also empowers them by facilitating learning, reading and accessing information that will enable them to lead independent lives. Visually impaired individuals could use a while colored walking stick to assist them in identifying where they are going as well as communicating to he public that they are visually impaired. ON another note, however, people with partial vision could use assistive vision correction tools like reading and prescription reading eye glasses. They could use glasses to see the people they are communicating with properly and read information that could be communicated to them. Teeth are a vital part in a human body and are central for communication purposes. Communication with no teeth or bad teeth could be difficult for individuals. Other than mastication the teeth help bring out words being communicated clearly. Teeth could be lost due to extradition, dental diseases, defects on the teeth or accidents that may result in teeth being knocked out gt;These teeth could be replaced by a dentist by the use of dentures. When a service user loses their teeth, they tend to alter the way they communicate. They lose their self esteem due to not wanting other people to see that they don’t have teeth when communicating. This way they become antisocial and withdraw from expressing their needs verbally. Dentures are a professional way of restoring their self esteem and confidence to enable them to communicate happily and freely with others. ,1 The UK as a multicultural society embraces individuals from different cultures with different values and beliefs. The way the society communicates with individuals from these cultures may create challenges that may affect effective delivery of care in the health and social care sector. In view of the above, various factors could influence individuals’ personal values and cultural beliefs. These factors could include individuals beliefs, age, sex, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, education and social class. The cultural aspect of individuals belief could be based on the way they dress, speak, worship. Individuals in care may want to dress in a certain way and may find it offensive if that is not observed. For example some Jewish individuals in care may only want to be supported but female support workers who wear only feminine clothes like dresses or skirts. This may meant that they may not allow female staff to support them wearing trousers or slacks. Doing so could be interpreted roughly by the Jewish society in care. They would choose to participate in activities and engage more with support workers who respect this choice according to them. While this could be a good way of expressing their cultural beliefs, it may not always go well with the support workers who may feel forced to abide by that notion so as to support to keep their jobs. IN such situations delivery of care is compromised, as a conflict of interests would have been created by the acceptance of the Jewish individuals’ choices. The non-verbal communication techniques, which are mainly body language, could by interpreted differently when communicating with individuals from different cultures. For example, an English child would be expect to look an adult in the eye when speaking to them and stand up right. IF they look away when being asked questions especially those that need to determine that hey be telling the truth or not they may quickly be ruled out as lyinggt; Contrary to the above, an African child would not look an adult in the eye when talking to them. Doing so could be interpreted as being disrespectful to the adult. In addition to that, they are expected to kneel down next to the adult who they may be speaking to. This gesture is viewed as being respectful to adults. A South African female individual in care may not allow male staff to support them with care activities that are intrusive for example cleaning their bottom and applying cream and or shaving their bottom front in preparation for a surgical procedure. This is the English culture may not matter at all as it is part of the health care procedure while it is viewed as grossly intrusive in the South African Culture. The way individuals dress would have either negative or positive impact on the society’s perceptions about them. For example, individuals who may dress in dark clothes others may perceive all the time as having more of a darker side to their lives than the natural eye could see. The same could be with people who wear clothes with very bright colors and a lot of facial make up. They would be perceived as working to show themselves off to the world and as a result may be viewed as prostitutes with inviting characteristics. Contrary to the above, people who wear warm decent colors of clothing may be look at as calm and safe people to be around Facial expressions may depict different language expressions. Some may be the same in different languages whl others may differ. For example widely opening one’s mouth with teeth together could be interpreted as smiling, meaning that one is happy while the same action with the mouth wide open could mean a surprise which has a completely different meaning from the above. Expressions on the forehead for example may mean jouyous reaction, anger or even a surpsise depending on how it is expressed and viewed by different individuals. The same goes with variation in various ethnic groups’ language interprettions of meanings, sounds and actions performed. For example, a lot of youg people use their hands instead of their mounths to express some rude langue responses to situations they are not amused with in doing so different fingers are use d to signal different meanings. These way the same in some cultures and ethnic groups but different in others. The way are may nod their head may signal how they feel and what they mean. The same applies to support part of ones body movements for example the shoulders. When pushed up and down, the action may mean that one does not want. Contrary to that, when pushed up with open arms and chest forward it may mean acceptance and chest inward may mean uncertainty. As a health and social worker, a support worker needs to be aware that different individuals with different cultural backgrounds may view different health and social care issues differently. Support workers need to work hard to ensure that the individuals’ cultural values and beliefs are observed and adhered to when supporting then. It Is important that they observe their ethnicity and endeavor to understand how different cultures behave in different situations. Support workers could raise the issues about different individuals’’ values and beliefs in meetings and training sessions to gain more knowledge that will equip the with better skills to support individuals with lateral values and backgrounds 2. 2 Various legal requirements have in form of policies, practices, codes of practice and charters used in organizational systems do have a great impact on the communication process in the health and social care practice. All care activities are required by law to communicate their care activities mainly through documentation. This is done at different levels of care delivery and in most cases different tools are used by different organisations to do this. Examples of these tools are care plans, support logs, appointment forms, accident report forms find chart incontinence monitoring charts, individual review forms, logging in records, telecare alarm logs, health and safety log sheets. , finance log sheets. These tools are used to monitor different care activities and may be created differently by different organizations. Written documentation is an important method of communicating care activities in care settings. It is a way of communication practitioners care activities in record keeping. Care plans are drawn to assist support workers to deliver care as expected to the individual. These are created after an assessment and classification of an individual into either residential care, nursing homes, supported living home or in hospitalgt; this tool is used by carers to document delivered the care to the individuals in the way specified by their care package. In addition to the care plan, other care activities are also documented in various recording tools. In supporting living care, the other important records are the individuals’ health records, their financial, their GP appointments, their reviews, risk assessments, life long learning records, community access records, and their incident/accidents records. These records are required by the leau to be kept safely all the time. According to â€Å"†Ã¢â‚¬ Data Protection Act†Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬  All individuals’ records should be kept under lock and key. Access to these records should only be given with the individual’s consent, where the individual is incompetent to make this decision an avocate coned be appointed on their behalf. After recording information in individual’s records, support workers are required to store them safely for access only but these entitled to do so , support workers are not allowed to share information about the individuals with those not concerned with their care. When information is required on legal disclosure could the confidentiality of their information be booked. Documentation of these records. Example break confidentiality. The records should be clearly and accurately documented dated, signed and stored away in a lockable place. Individuals names should not be said in public when discussing about them. Instead their initials should be used. While individuals’ information is kept under lock and key they have the right to deny include access to their can have access to information records and the right in the records and they are allowed to see everything kept. I. e. Their records about them as stipulated in the General social Care Council Codes of Practice. Record writing and record keeping skills should be taught in meetings and in various care course that equip support workers with knowledge and skills care delivery as well as in record keeping and communication. This could be done through the achievement of the National Vocational Qualification NVQ Levels 2 and 3. Organization systems put in place policies and procedures to be observed by care practitioners and individuals in promoting good work practice in ommunication. Most of the communication that occurs in a work place is done by support workers with to others, through written documentation, meetings and or talking. This would be for information support activities, reports writing. The support worker could communicate with staff and management in meetings, reviews with GP/social workers/district nurses. Then could talk to individuals about their problems and health issues. In documentati on, organizations have policies and procedures in place to be followed in communicating information. For example, if the service user is on medication the tool called ‘Medication Administration Record Sheet’ (MARS) has to be filled in. The MARS sheet will show the type of medication the individual is on clearly giving the medication name. When it is to be administered this could being the morning, evening afternoon evening or night. Specifies time is given is 0800, 12 pm 1600, 2000. How the medication is to be given in what quantity. For example, dissolve on sachet in 250mls of water or take two puffs of the inhaler twice a day. This could also be about chewing the tablet, apply some cream on an affected area or putting two eye drops three times a day in each eye. The medication could be in form of liquid and syrups, tablets, inhalers, creams, injections, eye or ear drops and medicated bandages, bain patles many other forms. When the type of medication the individuals take has been in administered. This should be indicated by signing on the particular medications on a particular day. This is the only way other staff could follow whether or not the medication an individual is to take has actually been administered. Without MARS in place, staff would have no way of knowing whether or not the individual’s medication has been administered. Thi sis because most of them may not be competent enough to know, if they have to take medication. In addition to the above, organizations are required by law to keep a records of the training of staff of the Administration of Medication. No staff is allowed to administer any medication to people in care without the appropriate training. It is important for the organization to put such a system in place to protect the individuals in care as failure to do so may ave serious consequences like wrongly administration of medication and other medication errors that may have a threat to the individual’s health and even fatalities in extreme cases. Another example of a documentation tool is the support logs. These are log sheets that provide information in the care given to individuals. This care could be supporting the individual with personal care, break fast, medication, accessing the community for bowling or going to the community college for life long learninggt; This could be a bead making course or an art class. The support worker will need to record the outcomes of the support. For example, they need to log the finance folder filling in the expenditure logs and balancing he service users cash logs. They will also need to document the individuals feeding pattern especially when they notice some changes in the individual’s behavior eating and or drinking habits. Various tools provided by the organization could be sued to monitor the patterns. These could be food monitoring charts, fluid charts, bowel and bladder monitoring charts. The bowel monitoring chart staff will need to document if the individuals move their bowels and the size of that bowel movement activity. In some cases they may also be required to document the consistency of the faeces produced. This information could be used by the district nurse to determine if the bowel movement pattersnare normal or not. Depending on the autering the information could be used for submission to the GP who may request further tests to determine whether or not the individual has bowel related problems. These could be constipation, intestinal problems, bowel cancer, and other bowel diseases they may have that could contribute to the individuals bowel problems. Other monitoring systems in organizations could be done through official record keeping that could also be required by external agents that monitor the organizations achiva. These include Care Quality Commission CQC. , Health and Safety Executive responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health and safety. Fire Safety Division for prevention reducing and firefighting fire that may result in death, injury, property an anerge Care quality Commission from October 2010 health and Adult Social Care providers registered and licensed with CQC. A health watchdog that regulates all health and adult care services in England. Ensures standards of quality and safety are being met, Fire Sares Staff basic fire training and clients about evacuation. Fire Safety Procedures legislation How to read the fire manualgt; Fire precautions Act 1971. Fire testinggt; Fire alarms fire handouts. Fire and Rescue Service Act 2004. Health and Safety . Fire extinguisher login and of buildings. Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Fire alarms , no spills, testing of hoists, fire doors. Care Quality Commission CQC monitors standards of care in various care settings. Has a wide range of enforcement powers to take action on behalf of people in care. They can carry out inspections on any area of a care facility. This could be on the training of staff for example, staff caring for individuals have to have retained NVQ Level 2 or 3. Staff provisions and work distribution for example he ratio of staff to the service users to determine whethere or not staff are over worked and under staffed. Whtehr or not proper practices are followed on the work place when carrying out certain activities. For example, where there are incontinent service users, yellow bags are used to dispose of their pads and these are individually bagged before being put in the yellow bags and placed in a yellow bin which are frequently collected to prevent a health hazard. In this case, the CQC will expect to find these in place and if not, penalties could be imposed on the organization. 2. 4 There are different ways that could be sued to improve the communication process in Social Care. This could be through verbal or nonverbal and or written communication. The organization could invest in its staff by putting them through training of different aspects that will directly contribute to positive delivery of care acquisition of better communication skills. These could include Safety, Communication and Record Keeping, Confidentiality awareness, Dementia training challenging behaviors, care palling and Monday. It could be of great importance as well for the organization to take advantage of the ongoing training and development of health and social care orkers government funded Health and Social Care Diplomas Level 2 and Level 3 formerly National Vocational Qualifications NVQs. These are done through work based learning with learners employed by the organization, paid on their days they go to college to study and working in the Health and Social Care sector while pursuing these qualifications. The qualifications will empower the support workers with the acquired communica tion, knowledge and skills and improve their communication skills. The support workers could have a better understanding of the different care aspects covered in different core units. These will impart them with knowledge in values and ethics , their legal responsibilities, practice of service standards and implementation protection of individuals. They could also acquire knowledge into the legal requirements of the record keeping and data protection act and its implication son the protection of the individuals information. The employers need to continuously engage support workers in in-house training in different communication activities in accordance with the codes of practice for social care workers as ethics in the General Social Care Comunical 2002. It is important that support workers listen to the service users actively when speaking to them. When speaking to them, support workers need to bring themselves down to their lvel as different heights make them feel intimidated. Support workers should ensure that hey put the Service User in the centre of their care, empowering them by supporting them to make their own choices on issues that matter to them the most. For exmpale, what they want to eat, when to go to bed and the cltoehs they choose to wear. An individual with learning difficulties and limited speech may not be able to read and write thus any written communication may not benefit them. Pictorial representations could be used instead to communicate iwht this individual. The support worker could have pictures on the wall that show a plate of fish and chips that depicts time to eat, a galss of beer means that it is pub night tonight, a bed will mean it is bed time. A shower head will mean it is itme for a shower. With time, these include the follow †¦ Protect the rights and promote the interests of service users. Stritve to use codes of practice on 6th page. 3. 2 (no 3. 1) While Information Communication Technology ICT has become part of many people’s lives it has further stretched to involve being usda s an important tool in health and social care. ICT is used in health and social care organisations in discerninating information. The Service Manger could email staff to inform them about the oncoming meeting ans staff could email back information they may want added to the agnenda for discussion. Organisation circulars could be sent by the Human Resource Manager through emails to all staff. Staff could carry out research on issues relation to supporting services uers using the internet. They could access case studies ,, report care journals, downloads information as well. Juliette Okko and James Reid (38) point out that â€Å"The internet and advances in ICT mean thter ies more information available than you can usually utilize or make sense of. Instead of relying on the few resource books available in the workplace storage cupboard, use of the internet could be of great benefit to staff. Staff could share the knowledge with individuals. ICT has brought about great hcanges in roganisational care skills traininggt; The organisations invest moneh in creation of the intranet portal, a website for the organization that has all information about he organization. IT is a pivotal point for staff training, resource storage for staff access like Policies and Procedures to follow in various care practices. The use of the Training portal minimizes cost in staff training and refresher course. This reduces travelling expenses for tranining rooms hire and ofre refreshments paid for by organisations. The use of ICT has become a spending cuts trategy for trnaing staff. Individuals have benefited from ICT by being able to access life learning resources and chatting online and going into dating websites to find parnters to share their lives with. ICT is highly used across the board to store indivdiuals records securely and only making them accessible by password by only those allowed to access them ICT also benefits the organization in creating templates for different recording systems for example, fluid charts, risk assessments, care plans, bowel movement charts, finance cash and expenditure logs as well as support logs. . 3 Various pieces of legislation have been enacted in line with the use of ICT in the workplace. These have been carefully drafted for implementation by the end users to include individuals, support workers, the organization and the general pblic. The copyright Design and Patents Act 1988 prohibits unauthorized access to acomputer materials ucha s computer proframmes software, training DVDs and computer virus software. An roganisat ion wil need to pay for software for its staff to access for Fire, Health and Safety and Food Hygiene and Epilepsy training. Some organization smay want to use the software at a lowe cost and they may borrow from other organisations. Doing so would be breaking the law in accordance*** and could face litgation. This could have a negative contribution othe organization;s financial standing. Support workers and other organization staff have a legal obligation in accordance with the Data Protect Act 1998 to protect individuals personal data. They are prohibited from sharing information stored about individuals and using their own ICT devises to do so. (Bernard Moss Communication Book) Moss B emphasizes htat â€Å"Never use your home computer for confidential work purposes. This could be a clear breach of the data protection: This could also be a problem if ones computer is steolen and the work is lost in on eway or the other. In that way, the safety of the idnividuals data is put at risk and it could eb seen,read or even used inappropriately wihotut their consent. In line with the Health and Safety at work Act HASAWA 1974, an ICT legislation known as the Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations, promotes healthy eyecare by enforcing the provision of eye and eye sight test by the employer as soon as the practicatbly requested by the employee at any given point. While the above legal obligations are usually met by both the employers and employees, it may not always appear obious that they do exist. They only come winto light when an incident relation to the ICT use occurs,. The legal considerations will always be met following the organisations policies and procedures and do have a strong impact on the smooth running of a health and social care organization.